{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:43:05Z","timestamp":1790962985996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1759","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Israel Science Foundation MORASHA Biomedical Research","award":["2147\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2147\/17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are two types of sensory receptors that respond to changes in length or tension of skeletal muscles. These mechanosensors have long been known to participate in both proprioception and stretch reflex. Here, we present recent findings implicating these organs in maintenance of spine alignment as well as in realignment of fractured bones. These discoveries have been made in several mouse lines lacking functional mechanosensors in part or completely. In both studies, the absence of functional spindles and GTOs produced a more severe phenotype than that of spindles alone. Interestingly, the spinal curve phenotype, which appeared during peripubertal development, bears resemblance to the human condition adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This similarity may contribute to the study of the disease by offering both an animal model and a clue as to its aetiology. Moreover, it raises the possibility that impaired proprioceptive signalling may be involved in the aetiology of other conditions. Overall, these new findings expand considerably the scope of involvement of proprioception in musculoskeletal development and function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue \u2018Mechanics of development\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T03:24:32Z","timestamp":1537759472000},"page":"20170327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["New functions for the proprioceptive system in skeletal biology"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"373","author":[{"given":"Ronen","family":"Blecher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Assaf HaRofeh Medical Center, Zerrifin 70300, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"},{"name":"Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Heinemann-Yerushalmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eran","family":"Assaraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Assaf HaRofeh Medical Center, Zerrifin 70300, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitzan","family":"Konstantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens R.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy C.","family":"Cope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy S.","family":"Bewick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1584-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elazar","family":"Zelzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-014-1536-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1992.72.3.623"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/98.4.531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development and regeneration of muscle spindles in mammals and birds","volume":"41","author":"Maier A","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.38.4.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00006-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(81)90016-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80859-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.146"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906809106"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01101-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0202"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2057"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.13.1717"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368246a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-9796(03)00032-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf370"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.291484.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00447"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0241-15.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1757"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90213-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1406-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","volume-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","author":"Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","first-page":"1703","volume-title":"Campbell's operative orthopedics","author":"Warner WC","year":"2013","edition":"12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2396-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2017.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000085665"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B1.7822371"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Vertebral column deformities following epiphysectomy in the chick","volume":"248","author":"Thillard MJ","year":"1959","journal-title":"C.r. hebd. S\u00e9anc. Acad. Sci., Paris"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","first-page":"137","article-title":"Mechanism of production of experimental scoliosis in rabbits","volume":"16","author":"Pal GP","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199608000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.07.097"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000222048.47010.bf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a3c7a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-2-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","first-page":"360","volume-title":"Stroke rehabilitation: a function-based approach","author":"Gillen G","year":"2015","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","unstructured":"Scoliosis Research Society (SRS). 2018 Neuromuscular Scoliosis. (https:\/\/www.srs.org\/patients-and-families\/conditions-and-treatments\/parents\/scoliosis\/early-onset-scoliosis\/neuromuscular-scoliosis)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309345267"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/12.1.63"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198706000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Spinal cord mechanisms leading to scoliosis in animal experiments","volume":"2","author":"Liszka O","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Med. Pol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197306000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.66B1.6693473"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e31818e1bc9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2845-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198805000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198410000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B5.3782230"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198111000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2005.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03229.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678909154177"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000146093"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","first-page":"253","article-title":"Postnatal development of the annulospiral endings of Ia fibres in muscle spindles of the mouse temporal muscle","volume":"167","author":"Osawa K","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anat. Anz."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091770311"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-016-0067-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5777"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2639"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7452"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.974"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198809000-00029","article-title":"Degenerative arthritis of the knee secondary to fracture malunion","volume":"234","author":"Kettelkamp DB","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000152442.66083.ff"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00124-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.28.1.271"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700215"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-200-43410A"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Instructional course lectures XXXIII","author":"Brighton C","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.3.513"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199810001-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10435"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2008.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v015a05"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2004.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197510000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","first-page":"187","article-title":"Delayed open reduction and fixation of ankle fractures","volume":"335","author":"Fogel GR","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.46B3.393"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181558c67"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330260308"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","first-page":"81","article-title":"On the natural repair of fractures, as seen in the skeletons of anthropoid apes","volume":"46","author":"Duckworth WL","year":"1911","journal-title":"J. Anat. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","volume-title":"Notes on diseases and healed fractures of wild apes: and their bearing on the antiquity of pathological conditions in man","author":"Schultz AH","year":"1939"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330020102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400849505","volume-title":"Bones; structure and mechanics","author":"Currey JD","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.073"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_2","volume-title":"Basic and applied bone biology","author":"Burr DB","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.063768"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.8.061505.095721"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1814"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.8.1501"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-193649"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00370609"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35015116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_106_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Bone-healing patterns affected by loading, fracture fragment stability, fracture type, and fracture site compression","volume":"293","author":"Aro HT","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939709032137"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(02)00017-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2012.07.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1945"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0481-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-04-01257.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(72)90048-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.130120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001097"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500126"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.03.010"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0327","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0327","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0327","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:22:40Z","timestamp":1778620960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/42161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1759","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2017.0327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0327","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}