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B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In many vertebrate species, early social experience generates long-term effects on later life social behaviour. These effects are accompanied by persistent modifications in the expression of genes implicated in the stress axis. It is unknown, however, whether stress axis programming can affect the development of social competence, and if so, by which mechanism(s). Here, we used pharmacological manipulations to persistently reprogramme the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013interrenal axis of juvenile cooperatively breeding cichlids,\n                    <jats:italic>Neolamprologus pulcher.<\/jats:italic>\n                    During the first two months of life, juveniles were repeatedly treated with cortisol, mifepristone or control treatments. Three months after the last manipulation, we tested for treatment effects on (i) social competence, (ii) the expression of genes coding for corticotropin-releasing factor (\n                    <jats:italic>crf<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), glucocorticoid receptor (\n                    <jats:italic>gr1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and mineralocorticoid receptor (\n                    <jats:italic>mr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the telencephalon and hypothalamus and (iii) cortisol levels. Social competence in a social challenge was reduced in cortisol-treated juveniles, which is in accordance with previous work applying early-life manipulations using different social experiences. During early life, both cortisol and mifepristone treatments induced a persistent downregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>crf<\/jats:italic>\n                    and upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>mr<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the telencephalon. We suggest that these persistent changes in stress gene expression may represent an effective physiological mechanism for coping with stress.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Developing differences: early-life effects and evolutionary medicine\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T03:05:36Z","timestamp":1551063936000},"page":"20180119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Early-life manipulation of cortisol and its receptor alters stress axis programming and social competence"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"374","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-7436","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria","family":"Reyes-Contreras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50A, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0983-8614","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ga\u00e9tan","family":"Glauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuch\u00e2tel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2009 Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5944-0743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diana J.","family":"Rennison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1690-8155","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara","family":"Taborsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50A, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-12-S1-S6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12473"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icp055"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2000.1448"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/681636"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.01.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1265"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12175"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12228"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05525"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14113"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.2605"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2001.0067"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00065-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? 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