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Infection occurs through inhalation of vomitus; faecal-oral spread; and food, water and environmental contamination. While the incidence of the disease is predictably seasonal, much less is known about the relative contribution of the various exposure pathways in causing disease. Additionally, asymptomatic excretion and viral shedding make forecasting disease burden difficult. We develop a novel stochastic dynamic network model to investigate the contributions of different transmission pathways in multiple coupled social networks representing schools, hospitals, care-homes and family households in a community setting. We analyse how the networks impact on transmission. We used ward-level demographic data from Northumberland, UK to create a simulation cohort. We compared the results with extant data on NoV cases from the IID2 study. Connectivity across the simulated cohort was high. Cases of NoV showed marked seasonality, peaking in early winter and declining through the summer. For the first time, we show that fomites and food appear to be the most important exposure routes in determining the population burden of disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control\u2019. This theme issue is linked with the earlier issue \u2018Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T03:06:01Z","timestamp":1558321561000},"page":"20180267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Transmission routes of rare seasonal diseases: the case of norovirus infections"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"374","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-2174","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Rushton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Modelling, Evidence and Policy Research Group, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9580-4751","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roy A.","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modelling, Evidence and Policy Research Group, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0190-0425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William D. 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