{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:53:58Z","timestamp":1790697238454,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1787","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Grapheme\u2013colour synaesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which linguistic symbols evoke consistent colour sensations. Synaesthesia is believed to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, but how these factors interact to create specific associations in specific individuals is poorly understood. In this paper, we show that a grapheme\u2013colour association in adult synaesthetes can be traced to a particular environmental effect at a particular moment in childhood. We propose a model in which specific grapheme\u2013colour associations are \u2018locked in\u2019 during development in children predisposed to become synaesthetes, whereas grapheme\u2013colour associations remain flexible in non-synaesthetes. We exploit Western gender\u2013colour stereotypes to test our model: we found that young girls\n                    <jats:italic>in general<\/jats:italic>\n                    tend to associate their first initial with the colour pink. Consistent with our model, adult female synaesthetes are influenced by their childhood environment: they associate their first initial with pink. Adult female non-synaesthetes do not show this bias. Instead, in our study, non-synaesthetes tended to associate their first initial with their\n                    <jats:italic>current<\/jats:italic>\n                    favourite colour. The results thus support the \u2018locking in\u2019 model of synaesthesia, suggesting that synaesthetic associations can be used as a \u2018time capsule\u2019, revealing childhood influences on adult linguistic associations. Grapheme\u2013colour synaesthesia may thus offer an extraordinary opportunity to study linguistic development.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \u2018Bridging senses: novel insights from synaesthesia\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T03:05:30Z","timestamp":1571627130000},"page":"20180572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Echoes from the past: synaesthetic colour associations reflect childhood gender stereotypes"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"374","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8521-3253","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicholas B.","family":"Root","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Dobkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilayanur S.","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-5360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Romke","family":"Rouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Cognition, Psychology Department, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Synaesthesia\u2014a window into perception, thought and language","volume":"8","author":"Ramachandran VS","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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