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This review is a thought experiment using circumstantial evidence from dinosaur fossils and from the behaviour of their extant relatives to describe probable responses of dinosaurs to serious injuries. Searches yielded 196 papers and chapters with: reports of healed serious injuries, and limping gait and injured feet in trackways; information about physiology and behaviour relevant to healing; evidence of evolutionary connections with birds and crocodilians, and their behaviour; and information about relevant aspects of evolution. Clearly, many dinosaurs survived injuries that would have seriously hampered mobility, impairing hunting or escape from predators, and affecting social interactions. Recovery from severe injuries implies pain-mediated responses. Rates of healing seem faster than for other reptiles, possibily aided by warm-bloodedness. Nesting was often communal, raising the possibility of parental and group protection for injured young. The existence of family groups, packs or herds raises the possibility of protection or feeding from pack kills. This is the first study, to our knowledge, of possible pain behaviour and responses to injury in dinosaurs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue \u2018Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T06:04:27Z","timestamp":1569218667000},"page":"20190370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pain in dinosaurs: what is the evidence?"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"374","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4695-1744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Les","family":"Hearn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Review Group, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3761-8704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda C. de C.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.110270"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-3-218"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806614115"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12010"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2349"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","volume-title":"Pain management in veterinary practice","author":"Machin KL","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2012.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","volume-title":"Pain management in veterinary practice","author":"Posner LP","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000464"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0276"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149140"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0277"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125723"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","first-page":"123","article-title":"Fractures","volume":"33","author":"Rothschild BM","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. 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