{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:12:04Z","timestamp":1790417524327,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1812","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Zurich's University Research Priority Program \u201cEvolution in Action: From Genomes to Ecosystems\u201d"},{"name":"M\u00e4xi Foundation, Switzerland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of plague, has been prevalent among humans for at least 5000 years, being accountable for several devastating epidemics in history, including the Black Death. Analyses of the genetic diversity of ancient strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    have shed light on the mechanisms of evolution and the spread of plague in Europe. However, many questions regarding the origins of the pathogen and its long persistence in Europe are still unresolved, especially during the late medieval time period. To address this, we present four newly assembled\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    genomes from Eastern Europe (Poland and Southern Russia), dating from the fifteenth to eighteenth century AD. The analysis of polymorphisms in these genomes and their phylogenetic relationships with other ancient and modern\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains may suggest several independent introductions of plague into Eastern Europe or its persistence in different reservoirs. Furthermore, with the reconstruction of a partial\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome from rat skeletal remains found in a Polish ossuary, we were able to identify a potential animal reservoir in late medieval Europe. Overall, our results add new information concerning\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission and its evolutionary history in Eastern Europe.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,4]],"date-time":"2020-10-04T19:05:22Z","timestamp":1601838322000},"page":"20190569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["New ancient Eastern European\n                    <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    genomes illuminate the dispersal of plague in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"375","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Morozova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Kasianov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Street 3, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Genomics, The Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS, Moscow 127051, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Bruskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Street 3, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8141-566X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Judith","family":"Neukamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of T\u00fcbingen, Sand 14, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Molak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, Warsaw 00-679, Poland"},{"name":"Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, Warsaw 02-097, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Batieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azov History, Archeology and Paleontology Museum-Reserve, Moskovskaya Street 38\/40, Azov 346780, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Pud\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeological Museum in Gda\u0144sk, Mariacka Street 25\/26, Gda\u0144sk 80-833, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"R\u00fchli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8593-3672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Verena J.","family":"Schuenemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"The history of plague \u2013 Part 1. The three great pandemics","volume":"20","author":"Frith J","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mil. Veterans' Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542527"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2017 Madagascar Plague Outbreak: External Situation Report #14. WHO 2017 ."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2018 WHO Director-General: invest in health to end plague in Madagascar. WHO 8 January 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","article-title":"Communicable disease threats report December 2017","author":"ECDC","year":"2017","journal-title":"ECDC"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205750110"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001134"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105107108"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10549"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003349"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70323-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1412887112"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781641899406.0010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1605.091280"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12994"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145194"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12154-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689809100219"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70438-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300072094"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715640115"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199605781.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812865115"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot5448"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr771"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188046"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01030-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01342-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw170"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187230"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01106"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820447116"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). 1988 Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US) National Center for Biotechnology Information; [1988] \u2013 [cited 2018 May]. See https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0446-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704665104"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-0918-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04550-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404012101"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","unstructured":"Krystufek B Palomo L Hutterer R Mitsain G Yigit N. 2016 Rattus rattus . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e.T19360A115148682."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","volume-title":"Z\u0142ota jesie\u0144 polskiego \u015bredniowiecza","author":"Samsonowicz H","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_2","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Zarazy w \u015bredniowiecznym gda\u0144sku","author":"Mo\u017cejko B","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_2","first-page":"62","volume-title":"Zarazy w gda\u0144sku od XIV do po\u0142owy XVIII wieku. Epidemie oraz liczba ofiar w \u015bwietle przekaz\u00f3w nowo\u017cytnych oraz badaczy wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych","author":"Kizik E","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_2","article-title":"\u2018The terrible zarina\u2019 in Moscow: the plague epidemic of 1770\u20131772 and its eradication","volume":"12","author":"Korostelev N","year":"2000","journal-title":"Moscow J."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_2","first-page":"397","article-title":"The materials about the epidemics of 17th centuries as a source of the history of the anthropology of a disease in the State of Moscow","volume":"2012","author":"Medved A","year":"2012","journal-title":"The problems of diplomacy, codicology, and act geography"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030509"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/002219503322645439"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_2","volume-title":"Diseases and human evolution","author":"Barnes E","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_2","volume-title":"Plagues & poxes: the impact of human history on epidemic disease","author":"Bollet AJ","year":"2004","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2019.0569","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2019.0569","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2019.0569","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:24:56Z","timestamp":1778621096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/31302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1812","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2019.0569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2019.0569","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}