{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:12:53Z","timestamp":1790197973485,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1832","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1520,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1520,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1520,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SCH 408\/14-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCH 408\/14-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ANR-16-COFA-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-16-COFA-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014510","name":"European Maritime and Fisheries Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EMFF\/FEAMP project S'STURGEON"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMFF\/FEAMP project S'STURGEON"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Federal Office for Agriculture and Food","award":["2816ERA04G, 2816ERA05G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2816ERA04G, 2816ERA05G"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["18-44-04-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-44-04-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SCH 408\/14-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCH 408\/14-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ANR-16-COFA-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-16-COFA-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014510","name":"European Maritime and Fisheries Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EMFF\/FEAMP project S'STURGEON"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMFF\/FEAMP project S'STURGEON"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Federal Office for Agriculture and Food","award":["2816ERA04G, 2816ERA05G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2816ERA04G, 2816ERA05G"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["18-44-04-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-44-04-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several hypotheses explain the prevalence of undifferentiated sex chromosomes in poikilothermic vertebrates. Turnovers change the master sex determination gene, the sex chromosome or the sex determination system (e.g. XY to WZ). Jumping master genes stay main triggers but translocate to other chromosomes. Occasional recombination (e.g. in sex-reversed females) prevents sex chromosome degeneration. Recent research has uncovered conserved heteromorphic or even homomorphic sex chromosomes in several clades of non-avian and non-mammalian vertebrates. Sex determination in sturgeons (Acipenseridae) has been a long-standing basic biological question, linked to economical demands by the caviar-producing aquaculture. Here, we report the discovery of a sex-specific sequence from sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Using chromosome-scale assemblies and pool-sequencing, we first identified an approximately 16 kb female-specific region. We developed a PCR-genotyping test, yielding female-specific products in six species, spanning the entire phylogeny with the most divergent extant lineages (A. sturio, A. oxyrinchus versus A. ruthenus, Huso huso), stemming from an ancient tetraploidization. Similar results were obtained in two octoploid species (A. gueldenstaedtii, A. baerii). Conservation of a female-specific sequence for a long period, representing 180 Myr of sturgeon evolution, and across at least one polyploidization event, raises many interesting biological questions. We discuss a conserved undifferentiated sex chromosome system with a ZZ\/ZW-mode of sex determination and potential alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T03:05:53Z","timestamp":1626059153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["A 180 Myr-old female-specific genome region in sturgeon reveals the oldest known vertebrate sex determining system with undifferentiated sex chromosomes"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"376","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7623-9227","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heiner","family":"Kuhl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture 1 , ,"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) 1 , ,"},{"name":"M\u00fcggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany 1 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5464-6219","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yann","family":"Guiguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE, LPGP 2 ,"},{"name":"35000 Rennes, France 2 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9141-4679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christin","family":"H\u00f6hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture 1 , ,"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) 1 , ,"},{"name":"M\u00fcggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany 1 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Kreuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture 1 , ,"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) 1 , ,"},{"name":"M\u00fcggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany 1 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1497-8945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter 3 , ,"},{"name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg 3 , ,"},{"name":"97074 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany 3 , ,"},{"name":"The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 4 , ,"},{"name":"Texas State University 4 , ,"},{"name":"San Marcos, TX 78666, USA 4 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7126-5477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christophe","family":"Klopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIGENAE, Plate-forme Bio-informatique Genotoul, Math\u00e9matiques et Informatique Appliqu\u00e9es de Toulouse, INRAe 5 ,"},{"name":"31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France 5 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2529-7958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Lopez-Roques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul 6 ,"},{"name":"31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France 6 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9645-2364","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elena Santidrian","family":"Yebra-Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Genomics Technologies B.V. 7 ,"},{"name":"Sylviusweg 74, 2333 BD, Leiden, The Netherlands 7 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5374-0908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mitica","family":"Ciorpac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development 8 ,"},{"name":"Tulcea 820112, Romania 8 ,"},{"name":"Genetic Improvement Laboratory, Research Station for Cattle Breeding Dancu - Iasi (SCDCB Dancu), Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences \u2018Gheorghe Ionescu-Sisesti\u2019 9 ,"},{"name":"Iasi-Ungheni Street, No. 9, Holboca, Ia\u0219i county 707252, Romania 9 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1675-0549","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Gessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture 1 , ,"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) 1 , 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Aquaculture 1 , ,"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) 1 , ,"},{"name":"M\u00fcggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany 1 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6023-4381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dunja K.","family":"Lamatsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department for Limnology 10 , ,"},{"name":"University of Innsbruck 10 , ,"},{"name":"A-5310 Mondsee, Austria 10 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-5203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Prokopov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 11 ,"},{"name":"630090 Novosibirsk, Russia 11 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,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8604-4562","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pierrick","family":"Haffray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYSAAF, Station INRAE-LPGP, Campus de Beaulieu 12 ,"},{"name":"35042 Rennes cedex, France 12 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9773-9359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Romain","family":"Morvezen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYSAAF, Station INRAE-LPGP, Campus de Beaulieu 12 ,"},{"name":"35042 Rennes cedex, France 12 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Patrice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYSAAF, Station INRAE-LPGP, Campus de Beaulieu 12 ,"},{"name":"35042 Rennes cedex, France 12 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7531-1813","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Radu","family":"Suciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development 8 ,"},{"name":"Tulcea 820112, Romania 8 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4698-6170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ron","family":"Dirks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Genomics Technologies B.V. 7 ,"},{"name":"Sylviusweg 74, 2333 BD, Leiden, The Netherlands 7 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8190-2684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sven","family":"Wuertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture 1 , ,"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) 1 , ,"},{"name":"M\u00fcggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany 1 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8905-183X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Werner","family":"Kloas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture 1 , ,"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) 1 , ,"},{"name":"M\u00fcggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany 1 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9882-5948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manfred","family":"Schartl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter 3 , ,"},{"name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg 3 , ,"},{"name":"97074 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany 3 , ,"},{"name":"The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 4 , ,"},{"name":"Texas State University 4 , ,"},{"name":"San Marcos, TX 78666, USA 4 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4888-8371","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"St\u00f6ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture 1 , ,"},{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) 1 , ,"},{"name":"M\u00fcggelseedamm 301 and 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany 1 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199657148.001.0001","volume-title":"The evolution of sex determination","author":"Beukeboom","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-88178-7","volume-title":"Sex chromosomes and sex-linked 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Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C5","volume-title":"Evolution of sex determining mechanisms","author":"Bull","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05864.x","article-title":"The accumulation of sexually antagonistic genes as a selective agent promoting the evolution of reduced recombination between primitive sex chromosomes","volume":"41","author":"Rice","year":"1987","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200093","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0093","article-title":"The timing of genetic degeneration of sex chromosomes","volume":"376","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 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Dev."},{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-015-0569-y","article-title":"Dynamics of vertebrate sex chromosome evolution: from equal size to giants and dwarfs","volume":"125","author":"Schartl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2004.09.005","article-title":"Sex chromosome evolution in non-mammalian vertebrates","volume":"14","author":"Schartl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gen. Develop."},{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv023","article-title":"Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) reveals an extraordinary number of transitions among gecko sex-determining systems","volume":"32","author":"Gamble","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001899","article-title":"Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it?","volume":"12","author":"Bachtrog","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-082410-101518","article-title":"Transitions between sex-determining systems in reptiles and amphibians","volume":"12","author":"Sarre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet."},{"key":"2026010320215580500_RSTB20200089C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06517-2","article-title":"A rapid rate of sex-chromosome turnover and nonrandom transitions in true frogs","volume":"9","author":"Jeffries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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