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Under early divergence, well-differentiated sex chromosomes in meiotic hybrids may cause Haldane-effects and introgress less easily than autosomes. Undifferentiated sex chromosomes are more susceptible to introgression and form multiple (or new) sex chromosome systems with hardly predictable dominance hierarchies. Under increased divergence, most vertebrates reach complete intrinsic reproductive isolation. Slightly earlier, some hybrids (linked in \u2018the extended speciation continuum') exhibit aberrant gametogenesis, leading towards female clonality. This facilitates the evolution of various allodiploid and allopolyploid clonal (\u2018asexual\u2019) hybrid vertebrates, where \u2018asexuality' might be a form of intrinsic reproductive isolation. A comprehensive list of \u2018asexual' hybrid vertebrates shows that they all evolved from parents with divergences that were greater than at the intraspecific level (K2P-distances of greater than 5\u201322% based on mtDNA). These \u2018asexual' taxa inherited genetic sex determination by mostly undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Among the few known sex-determining systems in hybrid \u2018asexuals', female heterogamety (ZW) occurred about twice as often as male heterogamety (XY). We hypothesize that pre-\/meiotic aberrations in all-female ZW-hybrids present Haldane-effects promoting their evolution. Understanding the preconditions to produce various clonal or meiotic allopolyploids appears crucial for insights into the evolution of sex, \u2018asexuality' and polyploidy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T19:05:32Z","timestamp":1627239932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Sex chromosomes in meiotic, hemiclonal, clonal and polyploid hybrid vertebrates: along the \u2018extended speciation continuum'"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"376","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4888-8371","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"St\u00f6ck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin) 1 ,"},{"name":"M\u00fcggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany 1 ,"},{"name":"Amphibian Research Center 2 , ,"},{"name":"Hiroshima University 2 , ,"},{"name":"Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-813X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dmitrij","family":"Dedukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics 3 , ,"},{"name":"Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences 3 , ,"},{"name":"277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic 3 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5852-5174","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Radka","family":"Reifov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science 4 , ,"},{"name":"Charles University 4 , ,"},{"name":"Vini\u010dn\u00e1 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic 4 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6023-4381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dunja K.","family":"Lamatsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department for Limnology 5 , ,"},{"name":"University of Innsbruck 5 , ,"},{"name":"Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria 5 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5251-1617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Starostov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science 4 , ,"},{"name":"Charles University 4 , ,"},{"name":"Vini\u010dn\u00e1 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic 4 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7866-4937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karel","family":"Janko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics 3 , ,"},{"name":"Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences 3 , ,"},{"name":"277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic 3 , ,"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science 6 , ,"},{"name":"University of Ostrava 6 , ,"},{"name":"701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic 6 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010320215941600_RSTB20200103C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.82303","volume-title":"On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life","author":"Darwin","year":"1859"},{"key":"2026010320215941600_RSTB20200103C2","volume-title":"Systematics and the origin of species from the viewpoint of a zoologist","author":"Mayr","year":"1942"},{"key":"2026010320215941600_RSTB20200103C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9939","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901397106","article-title":"Natural selection in action during speciation","volume":"106","author":"Via","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. 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