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Following this rapid evolutionary pace, cichlids show high rates of sex chromosome turnover. We here studied the evolution of sex-biased gene (SBG) expression in 14 recently diverged taxa of the Lake Tanganyika Tropheini cichlids, which show different XY sex chromosomes. Across species, sex chromosome sequence divergence predates divergence in expression between the sexes. Only one sex chromosome, the oldest, showed signs of demasculinization in gene expression and potentially contribution to the resolution of sexual conflict. SBGs in general showed high rates of turnovers and evolved mostly under drift. Sexual selection did not shape the rapid evolutionary changes of SBGs. Male-biased genes evolved faster than female-biased genes, which seem to be under more phylogenetic constraint. We found a relationship between the degree of sex bias and sequence evolution driven by sequence differences among the sexes. Consistent with other species, strong sex bias towards sex-limited expression contributes to resolving sexual conflict in cichlids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T19:05:32Z","timestamp":1627239932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Sex-biased gene expression and recent sex chromosome turnover"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"376","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-9561","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Lichil\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel 1 ,"},{"name":"Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland 1 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athimed","family":"El Taher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel 1 ,"},{"name":"Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland 1 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1284-3115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Astrid","family":"B\u00f6hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel 1 ,"},{"name":"Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland 1 ,"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig 2 ,"},{"name":"Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany 2 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010320215365200_RSTB20200107C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00346.x","article-title":"Sex chromosomes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism","volume":"38","author":"Rice","year":"1984","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026010320215365200_RSTB20200107C2","volume-title":"The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex","author":"Darwin","year":"1871"},{"key":"2026010320215365200_RSTB20200107C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1086\/698198","article-title":"The genomics of sexual conflict","volume":"192","author":"Rowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. 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