{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:48:20Z","timestamp":1787010500077,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1831","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Heart rate monitoring in free-ranging cetaceans to understand their behavioural ecology and diving physiology is challenging. Here, we developed a simple, non-invasive method to monitor the heart rate of cetaceans in the field using an electrocardiogram-measuring device and a single suction cup equipped with an electrode. The unipolar suction cup was placed on the left lateral body surface behind the pectoral fin of Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) and a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) in captivity; their heart rate was successfully monitored. We observed large heart rate oscillations corresponding to respiration in the motionless whales during surfacing (a false killer whale, mean 47 bpm, range 20\u201375 bpm; Risso's dolphins, mean \u00b1 s.d. 61 \u00b1 15 bpm, range 28\u2013120 bpm, n = 4 individuals), which was consistent with the sinus arrhythmia pattern (eupneic tachycardia and apneic bradycardia) observed in other cetaceans. Immediately after respiration, the heart rate rapidly increased to approximately twice that observed prior to the breath. Heart rate then gradually decreased at around 20\u201350 s and remained relatively constant until the next breath. Furthermore, we successfully monitored the heart rate of a free-swimming Risso's dolphin. The all-in-one suction cup device is feasible for field use without restraining animals and is helpful in further understanding the diving physiology of free-ranging cetaceans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part II)\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T03:20:18Z","timestamp":1624850418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Towards non-invasive heart rate monitoring in free-ranging cetaceans: a unipolar suction cup tag measured the heart rate of trained Risso's dolphins"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"376","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5986-9849","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kagari","family":"Aoki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurie","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Taiji Whale Museum and Aquarium, Wakayama 649-5171, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiki","family":"Inamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Taiji Whale Museum and Aquarium, Wakayama 649-5171, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0355-4802","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noriko","family":"Funasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Taiji Whale Museum and Aquarium, Wakayama 649-5171, Japan"},{"name":"3 Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Mie 514-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8499-799X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kentaro Q.","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98280-9","volume-title":"Marine mammals: adaptations for an aquatic life","author":"Davis","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139045490","volume-title":"Diving physiology of marine mammals and seabirds","author":"Ponganis","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.069583","article-title":"The dive response redefined: underwater behavior influences cardiac variability in freely diving dolphins","volume":"215","author":"Noren","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.179.1.31","article-title":"The physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): heart rate, metabolic rate and plasma lactate concentration during exercise","volume":"179","author":"Williams","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7055","article-title":"Exercise at depth alters bradycardia and incidence of cardiac anomalies in deep-diving marine mammals","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-003-0398-9","article-title":"The development of diving bradycardia in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"174","author":"Noren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb208637","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.208637","article-title":"Drivers of the dive response in trained harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)","volume":"222","author":"Elmegaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.020","article-title":"Cognitive control of heart rate in diving harbor porpoises","volume":"26","author":"Elmegaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25 329","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914273116","article-title":"Extreme bradycardia and tachycardia in the world's largest animal","volume":"116","author":"Goldbogen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09371","article-title":"Active hunting by deep-diving sperm whales: 3D dive profiles and manoeuvres during bursts of speed","volume":"444","author":"Aoki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C11","first-page":"135","article-title":"An Attempt to estimate body weight of small cetaceans","volume":"9","author":"Tobayama","year":"1999","journal-title":"IBI Rep."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200222","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0222","article-title":"A non-invasive system to measure heart rate in hard-shelled sea turtles: potential for field applications","volume":"376","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb234096","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.234096","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and submersion bradycardia in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"224","author":"Blawas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030170203","article-title":"The respiration of the porpoise, Tursiops truncatus","volume":"17","author":"Irving","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Cell. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00885.x","article-title":"Heart rate and electrocardiogram characteristics of a young California gray whale (Eschrictius robustus)","volume":"15","author":"Ponganis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Mam. Sci."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C16","volume-title":"Mammals of the sea\u2014biology and medicine","author":"Ridgway","year":"1972"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C17","first-page":"45","article-title":"Physiology of a small cetacean","volume":"48","author":"Kanwisher","year":"1965","journal-title":"Hvalradets Skrifter"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.5.974","article-title":"Respiratory and cardiac activity of killer whales","volume":"22","author":"Spencer","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12578","article-title":"Heart rates, heart rate profiles, and electrocardiograms in three killer whales, a beluga, and a pilot whale: an exploratory investigation","volume":"35","author":"Bickett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb.226365","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.226365","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory coupling in cetaceans; a physiological strategy to improve gas exchange?","volume":"223","author":"Fahlman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00128","article-title":"Using respiratory sinus arrhythmia to estimate inspired tidal volume in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"10","author":"Cauture","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C22","first-page":"57","article-title":"Respiratory arrhythmia in the hearts of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)","volume":"15","author":"Kastelein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aquat. Mamm."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.3.453","article-title":"Scaling of respiratory variables in mammals","volume":"22","author":"Stahl","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90120-C","article-title":"Electrocardiogram of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), with specific reference to atrioventricular transmission and ventricular excitation","volume":"20","author":"Meijler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.8.3.387","article-title":"The electrocardiogram of a beluga whale","volume":"8","author":"King","year":"1953","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.158287","article-title":"High diving metabolic rate indicated by high-speed transit to depth in negatively buoyant long-finned pilot whales","volume":"220","author":"Aoki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2013.06.002","article-title":"Body contact and synchronous diving in long-finned pilot whales","volume":"99","author":"Aoki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Proc."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.148841","article-title":"Body density and diving gas volume of the northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)","volume":"219","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0200287","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200287","article-title":"Body density of humpback whales (Megaptera novaengliae) in feeding aggregations estimated from hydrodynamic gliding performance","volume":"13","author":"Narazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20202307","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2307","article-title":"Aerial photogrammetry and tag-derived tissue density reveal patterns of lipid-store body condition of humpback whales on their feeding grounds","volume":"288","author":"Aoki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R Soc. B"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C31","article-title":"A new pneumatic launching device ARTS (aerial rocket transmitter system) especially developed and designed to improve tagging and instrumentation of Baleen whales","volume-title":".","author":"Kleivane","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0683-110","article-title":"The physiological ecology of whales and porpoises","volume":"248","author":"Kanwisher","year":"1983","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600050001","article-title":"Gas exchange and heart rate in the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena","volume":"170","author":"Reed","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00851-9","article-title":"Hypothesis: respiratory sinus arrhythmia is an intrinsic resting function of cardiopulmonary system","volume":"58","author":"Hayano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.39.5.801","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: noninvasive measure of parasympathetic cardiac control","volume":"39","author":"Katona","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.683","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm?","volume":"125","author":"Yasuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C37","first-page":"H620","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in humans: how breathing pattern modulates heart rate","volume":"241","author":"Hirsch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2014.08.003","article-title":"Additive effect of simultaneously varying respiratory frequency and tidal volume on respiratory sinus arrhythmia","volume":"186","author":"Guill\u00e9n-Mandujano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2018.09.006","article-title":"The magnitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia of a large mammal (the horse) is like that of humans","volume":"259","author":"Piccione","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02210.x","article-title":"Effect of relaxation training on cardiac parasympathetic tone","volume":"31","author":"Sakakibara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.54.1.30155804","article-title":"Flow properties of expiration and inspiration in a trained bottlenose porpoise","volume":"54","author":"Kooyman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1126\/science.163.3870.953","article-title":"\u2018Blow\u2019 of the pilot whale","volume":"163","author":"Olsen","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(69)90001-2","article-title":"Mechanics of ventilation in the pilot whale","volume":"7","author":"Olsen","year":"1969","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.119149","article-title":"Lung mechanics and pulmonary function testing in cetaceans","volume":"218","author":"Fahlman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C45","first-page":"261","article-title":"Regulation of the heart","volume-title":"Dukes' physiology of domestic animals","author":"Erickson","year":"2004","edition":"12th edn"},{"key":"2026010105272764100_RSTB20200225C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2740","article-title":"Paradoxical escape responses by narwhals (Monodon monoceros)","volume":"358","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2020.0225","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2020.0225","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2020.0225\/168418\/rstb.2020.0225.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2020.0225\/168418\/rstb.2020.0225.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T10:27:39Z","timestamp":1767263259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/376\/1831\/20200225\/31722\/Towards-non-invasive-heart-rate-monitoring-in-free"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1831","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2020.0225","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20200225"}}