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Yet, the information transmitted via gossip can be biased, because gossipers may send dishonest information about others for personal gains. Such dishonest gossip makes reputation-based cooperation more difficult to evolve. But when are people likely to share honest or dishonest gossip? We build formal models to provide the theoretical foundation for individuals' gossip strategies, taking into account the gossiper's fitness interdependence with the receiver and the target. Our models across four different games suggest a very simple rule: when there is a perfect match (mismatch) between fitness interdependence and the effect of honest gossip, the gossiper should always be honest (dishonest); however, in the case of a partial match, the gossiper should make a choice based on their fitness interdependence with the receiver and the target and the marginal cost\/benefit in terms of pay-off differences caused by possible choices of the receiver and the target in the game. Moreover, gossipers can use this simple rule to make optimal decisions even under noise. We discuss empirical examples that support the predictions of our model and potential extensions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]],"date-time":"2021-10-03T19:05:45Z","timestamp":1633287945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Honesty and dishonesty in gossip strategies: a fitness interdependence analysis"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"376","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3224-3595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junhui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 ,"},{"name":"Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China 1 ,"},{"name":"Department of Psychology 2 , ,"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2 , ,"},{"name":"Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Sz\u00e1mad\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Communication 3 , ,"},{"name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics 3 , ,"},{"name":"H-1111 Budapest, Hungary 3 , ,"},{"name":"CSS-RECENS, Centre for Social Sciences 4 ,"},{"name":"H-1097 Budapest, Hungary 4 ,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7905-9069","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pat","family":"Barclay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology 5 , ,"},{"name":"University of Guelph 5 , ,"},{"name":"Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada 5 , ,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Beersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organization Sciences 6 , ,"},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 6 , ,"},{"name":"1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands 6 , ,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4792-8469","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Terence D.","family":"Dores Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organization Sciences 6 , ,"},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 6 , ,"},{"name":"1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands 6 , ,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio Lo","family":"Iacono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology\/ICS 7 , ,"},{"name":"Utrecht University 7 , ,"},{"name":"3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands 7 , ,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annika S.","family":"Nieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organization Sciences 6 , ,"},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 6 , ,"},{"name":"1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands 6 , ,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Business School 8 ,"},{"name":"Exeter EX4 4PU, UK 8 ,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-8696","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wojtek","family":"Przepiorka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology\/ICS 7 , ,"},{"name":"Utrecht University 7 , ,"},{"name":"3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands 7 , ,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Tiokhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Technology Interaction Group 9 , ,"},{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology 9 , ,"},{"name":"5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands 9 , ,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7774-6984","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul A. 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