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Here, we investigated the behavioural and neural correlates of laryngeal control, and their relationship to vocal expertise, using an imitation task that required adjustments of larynx musculature during speech. Highly trained human singers and non-singer control participants modulated voice pitch and vocal tract length (VTL) to mimic auditory speech targets, while undergoing real-time anatomical scans of the vocal tract and functional scans of brain activity. Multivariate analyses of speech acoustics, larynx movements and brain activation data were used to quantify vocal modulation behaviour and to search for neural representations of the two modulated vocal parameters during the preparation and execution of speech. We found that singers showed more accurate task-relevant modulations of speech pitch and VTL (i.e. larynx height, as measured with vocal tract MRI) during speech imitation; this was accompanied by stronger representation of VTL within a region of the right somatosensory cortex. Our findings suggest a common neural basis for enhanced vocal control in speech and song.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part I)\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T03:27:07Z","timestamp":1635737227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Singers show enhanced performance and neural representation of vocal imitation"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"376","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7241-2272","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sheena","family":"Waters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway 1 , ,"},{"name":"University of London 1 , ,"},{"name":"Egham TW20 0EX, UK 1 , ,"},{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine 2 , ,"},{"name":"Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry 2 , ,"},{"name":"Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Kanber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway 1 , ,"},{"name":"University of London 1 , ,"},{"name":"Egham TW20 0EX, UK 1 , ,"},{"name":"Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences 3 , ,"},{"name":"University College London 3 , ,"},{"name":"2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK 3 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7569-0817","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nadine","family":"Lavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences 3 , ,"},{"name":"University College London 3 , ,"},{"name":"2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK 3 , ,"},{"name":"Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology 4 , ,"},{"name":"Queen Mary University of London 4 , ,"},{"name":"Mile End Road, Bethnal Green, London E1 4NS, UK 4 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3270-8666","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michel","family":"Belyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences 3 , ,"},{"name":"University College London 3 , ,"},{"name":"2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK 3 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway 1 , ,"},{"name":"University of London 1 , ,"},{"name":"Egham TW20 0EX, UK 1 , ,"},{"name":"Data & AI, Novartis Pharmaceuticals 5 , ,"},{"name":"Novartis Global Service Center 5 , ,"},{"name":"203 Merrion Road, Dublin 4 D04 NN12, Ireland 5 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8315-3595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valentina","family":"Cartei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle (ENES), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon 6 , ,"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon\/Saint-Etienne 6 , ,"},{"name":"21 rue du Docteur Paul Michelon, 42100 Saint-Etienne, France 6 , ,"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Institute of Education, Health and Social Sciences 7 , ,"},{"name":"University of Chichester 7 , ,"},{"name":"College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, UK 7 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Lally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway 1 , ,"},{"name":"University of London 1 , ,"},{"name":"Egham TW20 0EX, UK 1 , ,"},{"name":"Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences 3 , ,"},{"name":"University College London 3 , ,"},{"name":"2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, UK 3 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2209-2076","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marc","family":"Miquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physics, Barts Health NHS Trust 8 ,"},{"name":"London EC1A 7BE, UK 8 ,"},{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute 9 , ,"},{"name":"Queen Mary University of London 9 , ,"},{"name":"London EC1M 6BQ, UK 9 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6293-3795","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carolyn","family":"McGettigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway 1 , ,"},{"name":"University of London 1 , ,"},{"name":"Egham TW20 0EX, UK 1 , ,"},{"name":"Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences 3 , ,"},{"name":"University College London 3 , ,"},{"name":"2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 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