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For these reasons, we could reasonably expect that micronutrients are actively regulated around nutritional optima. Honeybees have co-evolved with flowering plants such that their main sources of nutrients are floral pollen and nectar. Like other insects, honeybees balance their intake of multiple macronutrients during food consumption using a combination of pre- and post-ingestive mechanisms. How they regulate their intake of micronutrients using these mechanisms has rarely been studied. Using two-choice feeding assays, we tested whether caged and broodless young workers preferred solutions containing individual salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) or metals (FeCl3, CuCl2, ZnCl2, MnCl2) in a concentration-dependent manner. We found that young adult workers could only self-select and optimize their dietary intake around specific concentrations of sodium, iron and copper. Bees largely avoided high concentration mineral solutions to minimize toxicity. These experiments demonstrate the limits of the regulation of intake of micronutrients in honeybees. This is the first study to compare this form of behaviour in one organism for eight different micronutrients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Natural processes influencing pollinator health: from chemistry to landscapes\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T03:05:32Z","timestamp":1651460732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Behavioural regulation of mineral salt intake in honeybees: a self-selection approach"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"377","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0506-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel T.","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John Krebs Field Station, Department of Zoology 1 , ,"},{"name":"University of Oxford 1 , ,"},{"name":"Oxford OX2 8QJ, UK 1 , ,"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience 2 , ,"},{"name":"Newcastle University 2 , ,"},{"name":"Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Darnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience 2 , ,"},{"name":"Newcastle University 2 , ,"},{"name":"Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2749-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geraldine A.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Krebs Field Station, Department of Zoology 1 , ,"},{"name":"University of Oxford 1 , ,"},{"name":"Oxford OX2 8QJ, UK 1 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010106053419000_RSTB20210169C1","first-page":"281","volume-title":"The biology of the honey bee","author":"Winston","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026010106053419000_RSTB20210169C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600050221","article-title":"Nurse bees support the physiological development of young bees (Apis mellifera L)","volume":"169","author":"Naiem","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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