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However, despite numerous converging sources of evidence, recent studies testing patients with congenital facial palsy (i.e. Moebius syndrome) seem to refute these theoretical models. However, these results do not consider the principles of neuroplasticity and degeneracy that could support the involvement of an alternative neural processing pathway in these patients. In the present study, we tested healthy participants and participants with Moebius syndrome in a highly sensitive facial expression discrimination task and concomitant high-density electroencephalographic recording. The results, both at the scalp and source levels, indicate the activation of two different pathways of facial expression processing in healthy participants and participants with Moebius syndrome, compatible, respectively, with a dorsal pathway that includes premotor areas and a ventral pathway. Therefore, these results support the reactivation of sensorimotor representations of facial expressions (i.e. simulation) in healthy subjects, in the place of an alternative processing pathway in subjects with congenital facial palsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Cracking the laugh code: laughter through the lens of biology, psychology and neuroscience\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T19:01:33Z","timestamp":1663700493000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Degenerate pathway for processing smile and other emotional expressions in congenital facial palsy: an hdEEG investigation"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"377","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-2633","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paola","family":"Sessa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation 1 , ,"},{"name":"University of Padova 1 , ,"},{"name":"Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy 1 , ,"},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC) 3 , ,"},{"name":"University of Padova 3 , ,"},{"name":"Via G. 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