{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:15:31Z","timestamp":1790709331399,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1850","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1268,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1268,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1268,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["#2128196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2128196"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["#2128196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2128196"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The early 1900s delivered many foundational discoveries in genetics, including re-discovery of Mendel's research and the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Following these insights, many focused their research on whether the development of separate sexes had a chromosomal basis or if instead it was caused by environmental factors. It is Dr Nettie M. Stevens' Studies in spermatogenesis (1905) that provided the unequivocal evidence that the inheritance of the Y chromosome initiated male development in mealworms. This result established that sex is indeed a Mendelian trait with a genetic basis and that the sex chromosomes play a critical role. In Part II of Studies in spermatogenesis (1906), an XY pair was identified in dozens of additional species, further validating the function of sex chromosomes. Since this formative work, a wealth of studies in animals and plants have examined the genetic basis of sex. The goal of this review is to shine a light again on Stevens\u2019 Studies in spermatogenesis and the lasting impact of this work. We additionally focus on key findings in plant systems over the last century and open questions that are best answered, as in Stevens' work, by synthesizing across many systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T04:05:27Z","timestamp":1647835527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The contributions of Nettie Stevens to the field of sex chromosome biology"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"377","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6431-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Carey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences 1 , ,"},{"name":"Auburn University 1 , ,"},{"name":"Auburn, AL 36849, USA 1 , ,"},{"name":"HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology 2 ,"},{"name":"Huntsville, AL 35806, USA 2 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3341-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laramie","family":"Ak\u00f6zbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences 1 , ,"},{"name":"Auburn University 1 , ,"},{"name":"Auburn, AL 36849, USA 1 , ,"},{"name":"HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology 2 ,"},{"name":"Huntsville, AL 35806, USA 2 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2035-0871","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex","family":"Harkess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences 1 , ,"},{"name":"Auburn University 1 , ,"},{"name":"Auburn, AL 36849, USA 1 , ,"},{"name":"HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology 2 ,"},{"name":"Huntsville, AL 35806, USA 2 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C1","volume-title":"Studies in spermatogenesis","author":"Stevens","year":"1905"},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C2","first-page":"292","article-title":"Nettie Maria Stevens (1861\u20131912): her life and contributions to cytogenetics","volume":"125","author":"Ogilvie","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Phil. Soc."},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on ciliate infusoria","volume":"3","author":"Stevens","year":"1901","journal-title":"Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C4","first-page":"3","article-title":"Versuche u\u0308ber Pflanzen-Hybriden","volume":"4","author":"Mendel","year":"1866","journal-title":"Verh. Naturforsch. Ver. Brunn"},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C5","first-page":"158","article-title":"Mendel's Regel \u00fcber das Verhalten der Nachkommenschaft der Rassenbastarde","volume":"18","author":"Correns","year":"1900","journal-title":"Ber. Dt. Bot. Ges."},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C6","first-page":"232","article-title":"\u00dcber k\u00fcnstliche Kreuzung bei Pisum sativum","volume":"18","author":"Tschermak","year":"1900","journal-title":"Ber. Dt. Bot. Ges."},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C7","first-page":"83","article-title":"Das Spaltungsgesetz der Bastarde","volume":"18","author":"de Vries","year":"1900","journal-title":"Ber. Dt. Bot. Ges"},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2307\/1535741","article-title":"The chromosomes in heredity","volume":"4","author":"Sutton","year":"1903","journal-title":"Biol. 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Stevens and the discovery of sex determination by chromosomes","volume":"69","author":"Brush","year":"1978","journal-title":"Isis"},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1400050402","article-title":"The chromosomes in Diabrotica vittata, Diabrotica soror and Diabrotica 12-punctata. A contribution to the literature on heterochromosomes and sex determination","volume":"5","author":"Stevens","year":"1908","journal-title":"J. Exp. 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H. Uber Spermatogense und deren Beziehung zur Eientwicklung bei Pyrrhocoris apertus L","volume":"51","author":"von Henking","year":"1891","journal-title":"Z. Wiss. Zool."},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2307\/1535425","article-title":"A peculiar nuclear element in the male reproductive cells of insects","volume":"2","author":"McClung","year":"1899","journal-title":"Zool. Bull."},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2307\/1535527","article-title":"The accessory chromosome\u2014sex determinant?","volume":"3","author":"McClung","year":"1902","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C23","first-page":"327","article-title":"The accessory chromosome in the spider","volume":"18","author":"Wallace","year":"1900","journal-title":"Anat. 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Cambridge, MA: University Press."},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1400080208","article-title":"An unequal pair of heterochromosomes in Forficula","volume":"8","author":"Stevens","year":"1910","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2307\/1535884","article-title":"Heterochromosomes in the guinea-pig","volume":"21","author":"Stevens","year":"1911","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"2026010105423229300_RSTB20210215C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1400060105","article-title":"An unpaired heterochromosome in the aphids","volume":"6","author":"Stevens","year":"1909","journal-title":"J. Exp. 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