{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:58:38Z","timestamp":1792202318313,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1850","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a minority of flowering plants, separate sexes are genetically determined by sex chromosomes. The Y chromosome has a non-recombining region that degenerates, causing a reduced expression of Y genes. In some species, the lower Y expression is accompanied by dosage compensation (DC), a mechanism that re-equalizes male and female expression and\/or brings XY male expression back to its ancestral level. Here, we review work on DC in plants, which started as early as the late 1960s with cytological approaches. The use of transcriptomics fired a controversy as to whether DC existed in plants. Further work revealed that various plants exhibit partial DC, including a few species with young and homomorphic sex chromosomes. We are starting to understand the mechanisms responsible for DC in some plants, but in most species, we lack the data to differentiate between global and gene-by-gene DC. Also, it is unknown why some species evolve many dosage compensated genes while others do not. Finally, the forces that drive DC evolution remain mysterious, both in plants and animals. We review the multiple evolutionary theories that have been proposed to explain DC patterns in eukaryotes with XY or ZW sex chromosomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T04:05:27Z","timestamp":1647835527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Dosage compensation evolution in plants: theories, controversies and mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"377","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2200-2336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aline","family":"Muyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire \u2018Biom\u00e9trie et Biologie Evolutive\u2019, CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1 1 ,"},{"name":"Lyon, France 1 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2134-5967","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriel A. B.","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire \u2018Biom\u00e9trie et Biologie Evolutive\u2019, CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1 1 ,"},{"name":"Lyon, France 1 ,"},{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado 2 , , ,"},{"name":"Campus de Vair\u00e3o 2 , , ,"},{"name":"Universidade do Porto 2 , , ,"},{"name":"4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal 2 , , ,"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias 3 , ,"},{"name":"Universidade do Porto 3 , ,"},{"name":"4099-002 Porto, Portugal 3 , ,"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning 4 ,"},{"name":"CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal 4 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-8936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"V\u00e1clav","family":"Ba\u010dovsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Developmental Genetics 5 , ,"},{"name":"Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences 5 , ,"},{"name":"Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic 5 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3062-2962","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roman","family":"Hobza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Developmental Genetics 5 , ,"},{"name":"Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences 5 , ,"},{"name":"Kralovopolska 135, Brno, Czech Republic 5 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8930-5393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Lenormand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD 6 ,"},{"name":"Montpellier, France 6 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010105380446900_RSTB20210222C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800697","article-title":"Steps in the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes","volume":"95","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb.)"},{"key":"2026010105380446900_RSTB20210222C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3366","article-title":"Y-chromosome evolution: emerging insights into processes of Y-chromosome degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Bachtrog","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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