{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T17:21:34Z","timestamp":1791652894370,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1882","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":820,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":820,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":820,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":820,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":820,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense","award":["RC2638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2638"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["BII-2120084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BII-2120084"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DEB-1814520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1814520"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-2011291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2011291"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-2147467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2147467"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense","award":["RC2638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2638"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["BII-2120084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BII-2120084"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DEB-1814520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1814520"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-2011291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2011291"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-2147467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2147467"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As a class of vertebrates, amphibians, are at greater risk for declines or extinctions than any other vertebrate group, including birds and mammals. There are many threats, including habitat destruction, invasive species, overuse by humans, toxic chemicals and emerging diseases. Climate change which brings unpredictable temperature changes and rainfall constitutes an additional threat. Survival of amphibians depends on immune defences functioning well under these combined threats. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of how amphibians respond to some natural stressors, including heat and desiccation stress, and the limited studies of the immune defences under these stressful conditions. In general, the current studies suggest that desiccation and heat stress can activate the hypothalamus pituitary\u2013interrenal axis, with possible suppression of some innate and lymphocyte-mediated responses. Elevated temperatures can alter microbial communities in amphibian skin and gut, resulting in possible dysbiosis that fosters reduced resistance to pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Amphibian immunity: stress, disease and ecoimmunology\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T03:49:32Z","timestamp":1686541772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Heat stress and amphibian immunity in a time of climate change"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"378","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5209-2459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louise A.","family":"Rollins-Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , ,"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , ,"},{"name":"Nashville, TN 37232, USA , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-6651","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily H.","family":"Le Sage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , ,"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , ,"},{"name":"Nashville, TN 37232, USA , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010106391769500_RSTB20220132C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.07.002","article-title":"Amphibian immunity\u2014stress, disease, and climate change","volume":"66","author":"Rollins-Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"2026010106391769500_RSTB20220132C2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Technical summary","author":"P\u00f6rtner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"},{"key":"2026010106391769500_RSTB20220132C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2020.110869","article-title":"Dual skin functions in amphibian osmoregulation","volume":"253","author":"Larsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 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Indic."},{"key":"2026010106391769500_RSTB20220132C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1655\/0018-0831-76.2.132","article-title":"Effects of snowpack, temperature, and disease on demography in a wild population of amphibians","volume":"76","author":"Muths","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"2026010106391769500_RSTB20220132C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz9600","article-title":"Large contribution from anthropogenic warming to an emerging North American megadrought","volume":"368","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010106391769500_RSTB20220132C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-015-0680-0","article-title":"Hydroregime prediction models for ephemeral groundwater-driven sinkhole wetlands: a planning tool for climate change and amphibian conservation","volume":"35","author":"Greenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"2026010106391769500_RSTB20220132C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2146","article-title":"Reduced innate immunity of Cuban treefrogs at leading edge of range expansion","volume":"327","author":"Goetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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