{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:05:58Z","timestamp":1784289958082,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1887","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EPSRC EP\/T003618\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPSRC EP\/T003618\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["ERC Starting Grant, SCHISTO_PERSIST 680088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC Starting Grant, SCHISTO_PERSIST 680088"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000294","name":"Medical Research Scotland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MRS PhD-1183-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRS PhD-1183-2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EPSRC EP\/T003618\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPSRC EP\/T003618\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["ERC Starting Grant, SCHISTO_PERSIST 680088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC Starting Grant, SCHISTO_PERSIST 680088"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000294","name":"Medical Research Scotland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MRS PhD-1183-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRS PhD-1183-2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over 240 million people are infected with schistosomiasis. Detecting Schistosoma mansoni eggs in stool using Kato\u2013Katz thick smears (Kato-Katzs) is highly specific but lacks sensitivity. The urine-based point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen test (POC-CCA) has higher sensitivity, but issues include specificity, discrepancy between batches and interpretation of trace results. A semi-quantitative G-score and latent class analyses making no assumptions about trace readings have helped address some of these issues. However, intra-sample and inter-sample variation remains unknown for POC-CCAs. We collected 3 days of stool and urine from 349 and 621 participants, from high- and moderate-endemicity areas, respectively. We performed duplicate Kato-Katzs and one POC-CCA per sample. In the high-endemicity community, we also performed three POC-CCA technical replicates on one urine sample\u00a0per\u00a0participant. Latent class analysis was performed to estimate the relative contribution of intra- (test technical reproducibility) and inter-sample (day-to-day) variation on sensitivity and specificity. Within-sample variation for Kato-Katzs was higher than between-sample, with the opposite\u00a0true for POC-CCAs. A POC-CCA G3 threshold most accurately assesses individual infections. However, to reach the WHO target product profile of the required 95% specificity for prevalence and monitoring and evaluation, a threshold of G4 is needed, but at the cost of reducing sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Challenges and opportunities in the fight against neglected tropical diseases: a decade from the London Declaration on NTDs\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T19:05:40Z","timestamp":1692558340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reproducibility matters: intra- and inter-sample variation of the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen test in two\n                    <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    endemic areas in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"378","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6290-9493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"El\u00edas","family":"Kabbas-Pi\u00f1ango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences 1 , ,"},{"name":"University of Glasgow 1 , ,"},{"name":"Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK 1 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Arinaitwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne and NTD Control Division 2 , ,"},{"name":"Bilharzia and Worm Control Program Uganda, Ministry of Health 2 , ,"},{"name":"PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3773-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Govert J.","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology 3 , ,"},{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center 3 , ,"},{"name":"Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands 3 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9748-1207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriko","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne and NTD Control Division 2 , ,"},{"name":"Bilharzia and Worm Control Program Uganda, Ministry of Health 2 , ,"},{"name":"PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annet","family":"Namukuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne and NTD Control Division 2 , ,"},{"name":"Bilharzia and Worm Control Program Uganda, Ministry of Health 2 , ,"},{"name":"PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrina Barungi","family":"Nankasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne and NTD Control Division 2 , ,"},{"name":"Bilharzia and Worm Control Program Uganda, Ministry of Health 2 , ,"},{"name":"PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas Khayinja","family":"Mwima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne and NTD Control Division 2 , ,"},{"name":"Bilharzia and Worm Control Program Uganda, Ministry of Health 2 , ,"},{"name":"PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Besigye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne and NTD Control Division 2 , ,"},{"name":"Bilharzia and Worm Control Program Uganda, Ministry of Health 2 , ,"},{"name":"PO Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4699-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin M.","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences 4 , ,"},{"name":"University of Surrey 4 , ,"},{"name":"Guildford GU2 7XH, UK 4 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1048-6318","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Poppy H. 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