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In traditional studies on sensory processing, the sensory cortices have been considered for processing sensory information in a modality-specific manner. The sensory cortices, however, send the information to other cortical and subcortical areas, including the higher association cortices and the other sensory cortices, where the multiple modality inputs converge and integrate to generate a meaningful percept. This integration process is neither simple nor fixed because these brain areas interact with each other via complicated circuits, which can be modulated by numerous internal and external conditions. As a result, dynamic MSI makes multisensory decisions flexible and adaptive in behaving animals. Impairments in MSI occur in many psychiatric disorders, which may result in an altered perception of the multisensory stimuli and an abnormal reaction to them. This review discusses the diversity and flexibility of MSI in mammals, including humans, primates and rodents, as well as the brain areas involved. It further explains how such flexibility influences perceptual experiences in behaving animals in both health and disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Decision and control processes in multisensory perception\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T03:06:48Z","timestamp":1691377608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Multisensory integration in the mammalian brain: diversity and flexibility in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"378","author":[{"given":"Ilsong","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions 1 , ,"},{"name":"Institute for Basic Science (IBS) 1 , ,"},{"name":"Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea 1 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilayda","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of biological sciences 2 , ,"},{"name":"KAIST 2 , ,"},{"name":"Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungmi","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of biological sciences 2 , ,"},{"name":"KAIST 2 , ,"},{"name":"Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-5771","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seung-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions 1 , ,"},{"name":"Institute for Basic Science (IBS) 1 , ,"},{"name":"Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea 1 , ,"},{"name":"Department of biological sciences 2 , ,"},{"name":"KAIST 2 , ,"},{"name":"Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea 2 , ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010106393915000_RSTB20220338C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6867718","article-title":"Interactions among converging sensory inputs in the superior colliculus","volume":"221","author":"Meredith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010106393915000_RSTB20220338C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63337-3","article-title":"Sensory organization of the superior colliculus in cat and monkey","volume":"112","author":"Wallace","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. 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