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B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides ratti<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a natural parasite of wild rats and most laboratory mouse strains are also fully permissive. The infection can be divided into three distinct phases: the tissue migration of the infective third stage larvae during the first two days, the early intestinal establishment of\n                    <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites molting to adults on days three to six and the later intestinal parasitic phase until the end of infection. Immunocompetent mice terminate the\n                    <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection after one month and are semi-resistant to a second infection. Employing the powerful tools of mouse immunology has facilitated a detailed analysis of the initiation, execution and regulation of the immune response to\n                    <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here we review the information collected to date on the protective immune response to migrating\n                    <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae in tissues and to adult parasites in the intestine. We show that depending on the phase of infection, a site-specific portfolio of immune effector mechanisms is required for infection control. In addition, we summarize the strategies employed by\n                    <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>\n                    to evade the immune system and survive long enough in its host to replicate despite an effective immune response. Selected murine studies using the closely related\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides venezuelensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    will be discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue \u2018\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    : omics to worm-free populations\u2019.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]],"date-time":"2023-11-26T19:05:15Z","timestamp":1701025515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<i>Strongyloides ratti<\/i>\n                    infection in mice: immune response and immune modulation"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"379","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-4908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minka","family":"Breloer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg 20359, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20156, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Linnemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg 20359, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2018.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34261"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060468"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002288"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00261"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006481"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01354-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00207"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000834"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2992"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-011-8258-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(80)90023-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90173-K"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.715766"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009121"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050030"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006992"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00053-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1985.tb00088.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(93)90159-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","first-page":"317","article-title":"Transfer by serum and cells of resistance to infection with Strongyloides ratti in mice","volume":"43","author":"Dawkins HJ","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dawkins HJ, Grove DI. 1981 Transfer by serum and cells of resistance to infection with Strongyloides ratti in mice. 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