{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:45:56Z","timestamp":1792287956758,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1891","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CRSII5_189970\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRSII5_189970\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Both teeth and the digestive tract show adaptations that are commonly interpreted in the context of trophic guilds\u2014faunivory, herbivory and omnivory. Teeth prepare food for the digestive tract, and dental evolution focuses on increasing durability and functionality; in particular, size reduction of plant particles is an important preparation for microbial fermentative digestion. In narratives of digestive adaptations, microbes are typically considered as service providers, facilitating digestion. That the majority of \u2018herbivorous\u2019 (and possibly \u2018omnivorous\u2019) mammals display adaptations to maximize microbes' use as prey\u2014by harvesting the microbes multiplying in their guts\u2014is less emphasized and not reflected in trophic labels. Harvesting of microbes occurs either via coprophagy after separation from indigestible material by a separation mechanism in the hindgut, or from a forestomach by a \u2018washing mechanism\u2019 that selectively removes fines, including microbes, to the lower digestive tract. The evolution of this washing mechanism as part of the microbe farming niche opened the opportunity for the evolution of another mechanism that links teeth and guts in an innovative way\u2014the sorting and cleaning of not-yet-sufficiently-size-reduced food that is then re-submitted to repeated mastication (rumination), leading to unprecedented chewing and digestive efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T19:05:41Z","timestamp":1697396741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Teeth and the gastrointestinal tract in mammals: when 1 + 1 = 3"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"378","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3841-6207","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcus","family":"Clauss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zugspitzstr. 15 1\/2, 82131 Stockdorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, University of G\u00f6ttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(00)00326-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2014.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87885-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691213316"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00135.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Mammalian teeth - form and function","author":"Hummel J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hummel J, Clauss M, S\u00fcdekum K-H. 2020 Aspects of food comminution in ungulates and their consequences for energy budget. In Mammalian teeth - form and function (eds T Martin, W von Koenigswald), pp. 87-101. Munich, Germany: Dr. Friedrich Pfeil."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.63.4.30158172"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2012.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.629"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2010.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1987.tb00666.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","first-page":"385","article-title":"Within-niche pace of life acceleration as a fundamental evolutionary principle: a mammal pilot test case","volume":"20","author":"Clauss M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clauss M, M\u00fcller DWH, Codron D. 2019 Within-niche pace of life acceleration as a fundamental evolutionary principle: a mammal pilot test case. Evol. Ecol. Res. 20, 385-401. (doi:10.5167\/uzh-186535)","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.03.064"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/417538a"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/pala\/294\/2011\/63"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2020.109783"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2022.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5292.1489"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/ijp.7117"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-015-9296-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2009.17807.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0940-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlab039"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21554"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12557"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","volume-title":"Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system","author":"Stevens CE","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stevens CE, Hume ID. 1995 Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051660306"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2888"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/vz.68.e31612"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","volume-title":"Le\u00e7ons d'anatomie compar\u00e9e","author":"Cuvier G","year":"1799","unstructured":"Cuvier G. 1799\u20131805 Le\u00e7ons d'anatomie compar\u00e9e. Paris, France: Crochard."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-012110-142152"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"Grundz\u00fcge des Innenreliefs vom Rumpfdarm der Wirbeltiere","volume":"83","author":"Jacobshagen E","year":"1937","unstructured":"Jacobshagen E. 1937 Grundz\u00fcge des Innenreliefs vom Rumpfdarm der Wirbeltiere. Anatomischer Anzeiger 83, 241-261.","journal-title":"Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Studien am Darm von Wild-und Haustieren","volume":"116","author":"Harder W","year":"1951","unstructured":"Harder W. 1951 Studien am Darm von Wild-und Haustieren. Anat. Embryol. 116, 27-51.","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2020.110683"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-016-1011-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23035"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","first-page":"237","article-title":"Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen am Magen-Darm-Kanal der Sciuromorpha, Hystricomorpha und Caviomorpha (Rodentia)","volume":"175","author":"Gorgas M","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gorgas M. 1967 Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen am Magen-Darm-Kanal der Sciuromorpha, Hystricomorpha und Caviomorpha (Rodentia). Z. wiss. Zool. 175, 237-404.","journal-title":"Z. wiss. Zool."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","volume-title":"The mammalian herbivore stomach","author":"Langer P","year":"1988","unstructured":"Langer P. 1988 The mammalian herbivore stomach. Stuttgart, Germany\/New York, NY: Gustav Fischer Verlag."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","volume-title":"Comparative anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract in eutheria: taxonomy, biogeography and food. Vol I: Afrotheria, Xenarthra and Euarchontoglires. Vol II: Laurasiatheria, General Discussion","author":"Langer P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langer P. 2017 Comparative anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract in eutheria: taxonomy, biogeography and food. Vol I: Afrotheria, Xenarthra and Euarchontoglires. Vol II: Laurasiatheria, General Discussion. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21496"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155725"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.2.393"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/303334"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110000388"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_2","volume-title":"Empfehlungen zur Energie- und N\u00e4hrstoffversorgung der Milchk\u00fche und Aufzuchtrinder [Recommendations of energy and nutrient supply for dairy cows and breeding cattle]","author":"Flachowsky F","year":"2001","unstructured":"Flachowsky F et al. 2001 Empfehlungen zur Energie- und N\u00e4hrstoffversorgung der Milchk\u00fche und Aufzuchtrinder [Recommendations of energy and nutrient supply for dairy cows and breeding cattle] (eds P Lebzien, J Schwarz, HL M\u00fcller, E Weigand). Frankfurt, Germany: DLG Verlag"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104265"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-8067-2_34"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12620"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_2","first-page":"153","article-title":"\u00dcber Koprophagie bei Nutria","volume":"6","author":"Kirner P","year":"1931","unstructured":"Kirner P. 1931 \u00dcber Koprophagie bei Nutria. Dt. Pelztierz. 6, 153.","journal-title":"Dt. Pelztierz."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_52_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"\u00dcber die Verdauung des Sumpfbibers [On the digestion of the nutria] (Myocastor coypus)","volume":"4","author":"Otto W","year":"1954","unstructured":"Otto W. 1954 \u00dcber die Verdauung des Sumpfbibers [On the digestion of the nutria] (Myocastor coypus). Arch. Anim. Nutr. 4, 119-150.","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03374.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600050147"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600000131"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.75902"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_57_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Notas sobre la biologia del tepezcuinte, Cuniculus paca en cautiverio","volume":"19","author":"Matamoros Y","year":"1982","unstructured":"Matamoros Y. 1982 Notas sobre la biologia del tepezcuinte, Cuniculus paca en cautiverio. Brenesia 19\/20, 71-82.","journal-title":"Brenesia"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_58_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Agouti paca","volume":"404","author":"P\u00e9rez EM","year":"1992","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez EM. 1992 Agouti paca. Mammal. Species 404, 1-7. (doi:10.2307\/3504102)","journal-title":"Mammal. Species"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_59_2","first-page":"305","article-title":"Caecotrophy in pacas (Agouti paca)","volume":"66","author":"Sabatini V","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sabatini V, Paranhos De Costa MJR. 2001 Caecotrophy in pacas (Agouti paca). Mamm. Biol. 66, 305-307.","journal-title":"Mamm. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12961"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2907.2001.00079.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2907.2002.00105.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_63_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"Feeding characteristics of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)","volume":"34","author":"Otken CC","year":"1984","unstructured":"Otken CC, Scott CE. 1984 Feeding characteristics of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Lab. Anim. Sci. 34, 181-184.","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322928"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mamm.2005.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmnz.19990750208"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_67_2","first-page":"210","volume-title":"Nutritional ecology of herbivores","author":"Cork SJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cork SJ, Hume ID, Faichney GJ. 1999 Digestive strategies of nonruminant herbivores: the role of the hindgut. In Nutritional ecology of herbivores (eds HJG Jung, GC Fahey), pp. 210-260. Savoy, IL: American Society of Animal Science."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01084.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2018.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2007.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_72_2","first-page":"1424","article-title":"La caecotrophie chez le Castor du Rh\u00f4ne","volume":"248","author":"Richard PB","year":"1959","unstructured":"Richard PB. 1959 La caecotrophie chez le Castor du Rh\u00f4ne. C. R. Hebdom. Acad. Sci. 248, 1424-1426.","journal-title":"C. R. Hebdom. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00545245"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9850001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_75_2","first-page":"3191","article-title":"La caecotrophie chez un Primate phyllophage du genre Lepilemur et les corr\u00e9lations avec les particularit\u00e9s de son appareil digestif","volume":"272","author":"Hladik CM","year":"1971","unstructured":"Hladik CM, Charles-Dominique P, Valdebouze P, Delort-Laval J, Flanzy J. 1971 La caecotrophie chez un Primate phyllophage du genre Lepilemur et les corr\u00e9lations avec les particularit\u00e9s de son appareil digestif. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 272, 3191-3194.","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.98-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/330401a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04848.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112558"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.552"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2011.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12356"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2004.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-015-0904-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2021.715142"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13773"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1997.0238"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_90_2","first-page":"430","article-title":"Food regurgitation in the macropodidae","volume":"25","author":"Barker S","year":"1963","unstructured":"Barker S, Brown GD, Calaby JH. 1963 Food regurgitation in the macropodidae. Aust. J. Sci. 25, 430-432.","journal-title":"Aust. J. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0197"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.165.3.303"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/izy.12204"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836901001121"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2017.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/BBa-002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-013-2863-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO03017"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_99_2","first-page":"681","article-title":"Vergleichende Untersuchung des Wiederkauverhaltens","volume":"84","author":"Hendrichs H","year":"1965","unstructured":"Hendrichs H. 1965 Vergleichende Untersuchung des Wiederkauverhaltens [Comparative study of rumination behaviour]. Biol. Zentr.bl. 84, 681-751.","journal-title":"Biol. Zentr.bl."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_100_2","first-page":"215","article-title":"Daily food consumption and mode of ingestion in the hyrax","volume":"25","author":"Sale JB","year":"1966","unstructured":"Sale JB. 1966 Daily food consumption and mode of ingestion in the hyrax. J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. 25, 215-224.","journal-title":"J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01650529409360912"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2013.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-702290-1.50027-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851998145.0123","volume-title":"Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism","author":"Kennedy PM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kennedy PM. 2005 Particle dynamics. In Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism (eds J Dijkstra, JM Forbes, J France), pp. 123-156. Wellingford, UK: CAB International."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2219060120"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_107_2","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Aspects of digestive physiology in ruminants","author":"Sutherland TM","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sutherland TM. 1988 Particle separation in the forestomach of sheep. In Aspects of digestive physiology in ruminants (eds A Dobson, MJ Dobson), pp. 43-73. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2008.00806.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2008.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.10.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyz044"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12505"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.1989.tb00091.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13116"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510004101"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2012.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2021.110972"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12763"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19970503"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9850819"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_122_2","unstructured":"Foose TJ. 1982 Trophic strategies of ruminant versus nonruminant ungulates. PhD Thesis University of Chicago Chicago IL."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2019.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2020.109728"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42991-021-00142-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212447119"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1989.67123410x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2075"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.664992x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_130_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Physical breakdown of food during eating and rumination in reindeer","volume":"175","author":"Trudell-Moore J","year":"1983","unstructured":"Trudell-Moore J, White RG. 1983 Physical breakdown of food during eating and rumination in reindeer. Acta Zool. Fenn. 175, 47-49.","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Fenn."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_131_2","first-page":"21A","article-title":"Finite element analysis of ungulate jaws: can mode of digestive physiology be determined?","volume":"13","author":"Fletcher TM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fletcher TM, Janis CM, Rayfield EJ. 2010 Finite element analysis of ungulate jaws: can mode of digestive physiology be determined? Palaeontol. Electron. 13, 21A.","journal-title":"Palaeontol. Electron."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2011.00176.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pab.2015.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139568098.008","volume-title":"Ecology, evolution and behaviour of wild cattle: implications for conservation","author":"Clauss M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clauss M, Hofmann RR. 2014 The digestive system of ruminants, and peculiarities of (wild) cattle. In Ecology, evolution and behaviour of wild cattle: implications for conservation (eds M Melletti, J Burton), pp. 57-62. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/vz.66.e31574"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2014.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10292389409380469"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5735\/086.051.0210"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845930639.0241","volume-title":"Feeding in domestic vertebrates: from stucture to behaviour","author":"Baumont R","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baumont R, Doreau M, Ingrand S, Veissier I. 2006 Feeding and mastication behaviour in ruminants. In Feeding in domestic vertebrates: from stucture to behaviour (ed. V Bels), pp. 241-262. Wallingford, UK: CAB International."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR19910011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13880"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516002701"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba5483"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-2844-1_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lipd.12240"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14246"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2020.110720"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2023.111370"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2022.0544","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2022.0544","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2022.0544","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:21:38Z","timestamp":1778620898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/42721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1891","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2022.0544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2022.0544","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20220544"}}