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B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Concerns about perceived widespread declines in insect numbers have led to recognition of a requirement for long-term monitoring of insect biodiversity. Here we examine whether an existing, radar-based, insect monitoring system developed for research on insect migration could be adapted to this role. The radar detects individual larger (greater than 10 mg) insects flying at heights of 150\u20132550 m and estimates their size and mass. It operates automatically and almost continuously through both day and night. Accumulation of data over a \u2018half-month\u2019 (approx. 15 days) averages out weather effects and broadens the source area of the wind-borne observation sample. Insect counts are scaled or interpolated to compensate for missed observations; adjustment for variation of detectability with range and insect size is also possible. Size distributions for individual days and nights exhibit distinct peaks, representing different insect types, and Simpson and Shannon\u2013Wiener indices of biodiversity are calculated from these. Half-month count, biomass and index statistics exhibit variations associated with the annual cycle and year to year changes that can be attributed to drought and periods of high rainfall. While species-based biodiversity measures cannot be provided, the radar's capacity to estimate insect biomass over a wide area indicates utility for tracking insect population sizes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T19:05:22Z","timestamp":1714935922000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Monitoring insect numbers and biodiversity with a vertical-beam entomological radar"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"379","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9031-7906","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"V. Alistair","family":"Drake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9272-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Science, Australian Government, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1162-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haikou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Plague Locust Commission, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australian Government, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011019-025151"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-023-00478-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12408"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.02.080"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.05.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.7.075095"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","unstructured":"Riley JR Smith AD Gregory RD. 1993 A radar technique for automatically monitoring insect migration and bio-diversity. In Biotelemetry XII Proc 12th Int. Symp. Biotelemetry Ancona Italy 31 August\u20135 September 1992\u00a0(eds P Mancini S Fioretti C Cristalli R Bedini) pp. 310\u2013317. Pisa Italy: Editrice Universitaria Litografia Felici."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17056"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","volume-title":"The invention that changed the world. The story of radar from war to peace","author":"Buderi R","year":"1996","unstructured":"Buderi R. 1996 The invention that changed the world. The story of radar from war to peace. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","volume-title":"Introduction to radar systems","author":"Skolnik MI","year":"2001","unstructured":"Skolnik MI. 2001 Introduction to radar systems, 3rd edn. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","volume-title":"Radar handbook","author":"Skolnik MI","year":"2008","unstructured":"Skolnik MI (ed.).\u00a02008 Radar handbook, 3rd edn. 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