{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:12:24Z","timestamp":1778623944942,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1906","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012479","name":"Weston Brain Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term potentiation (LTP)-like activity can be induced by stimulation protocols such as paired associative stimulation (PAS). We aimed to determine whether PAS-induced LTP-like activity (PAS-LTP) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is associated with cortical thickness and other structural measures impaired in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (AD). We also explored longitudinal relationships between these brain structures and PAS-LTP response after a repetitive PAS (rPAS) intervention. Mediation and regression analyses were conducted using data from randomized controlled trials with AD and healthy control participants. PAS-electroencephalography assessed DLPFC PAS-LTP. DLPFC thickness and surface area were acquired from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity (MD) of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF)\u2014a tract important to induce PAS-LTP\u2014were measured with diffusion-weighted imaging. AD participants exhibited reduced DLPFC thickness and increased SLF MD. There was also some evidence that reduction in DLPFC thickness mediates DLPFC PAS-LTP impairment. Longitudinal analyses showed preliminary evidence that SLF MD, and to a lesser extent DLPFC thickness, is associated with DLPFC PAS-LTP response to active rPAS. This study expands our understanding of the relationships between brain structural changes and neuroplasticity. It provides promising evidence for a structural predictor to improving neuroplasticity in AD with neurostimulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \u2018Long-term potentiation: 50 years on\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T03:05:53Z","timestamp":1717988753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex structural measures on neuroplasticity and response to paired-associative stimulation in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"379","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-0550","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"K.","family":"Naveed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Cir , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Rashidi-Ranjbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Cir , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, 209 Victoria Street , Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Cir , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 479 Spadina Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Zomorrodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Cir , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 479 Spadina Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. M.","family":"Blumberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Cir , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 479 Spadina Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. E.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Cir , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, 209 Victoria Street , Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Core, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 60 White Squirrel Way , Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. H.","family":"Mulsant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Cir , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 479 Spadina Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. G.","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Cir , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 479 Spadina Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. N.","family":"Voineskos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Cir , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 479 Spadina Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. K.","family":"Rajji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Cir , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 479 Spadina Avenue , Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street , Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1973.sp010273"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/361031a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90579-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5297.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","volume-title":"The organization of behavior","author":"Hebb DO","year":"1949","unstructured":"Hebb DO . 1949 The organization of behavior. New York, NY: Wiley."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.4.847"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","unstructured":"2022 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of adults with major depressive disorder. Medicare Coverage Database. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. See https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare-coverage-database\/view\/lcd.aspx?lcdId=34522&ver=29#:~:text=Transcranial%20Magnetic%20Stimulation%20(TMS)%20is%20FDA%20approved%20for%20the%20treatment depression%20and%20obsessive%2Dcompulsive%20disorders."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30295-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.3.572"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05603.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.161"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902170404"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902260204"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902940210"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902360302"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00111.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902160207"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24695"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120532"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10441"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TGR.0b013e31821e588e"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Extent of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plasticity and its association with working memory in patients with Alzheimer disease","volume":"74","author":"Kumar S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar S et al . 2017 Extent of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plasticity and its association with working memory in patients with Alzheimer disease. J. Am. Med. Assoc. Psychiatry 74 , 1266\u20131274. (doi:10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3292)","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220003518"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00147-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2055"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201306030"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01182672"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902860404"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200033797"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3291116"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Complementary characteristics of correlation patterns in morphometric correlation networks of cortical thickness, surface area, and gray matter volume","volume":"6","author":"Yang JJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang JJ , Kwon H , Lee J-M . 2016 Complementary characteristics of correlation patterns in morphometric correlation networks of cortical thickness, surface area, and gray matter volume. Sci. Rep. 6 , 1\u20139. (doi:10.1038\/srep26682)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa322"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00147"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm016"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2018-100005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(01)05"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0715-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.22"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04764-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.310"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.6.1171"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00029238.1961.11080571"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.200001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_2","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach","author":"Hayes A F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayes A F . 2017 Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach, 2nd edn. New York, NY: The Guildford Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3491"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_2","unstructured":"Qiu W . 2021 Power\/sample size calculation for mediation analysis . Vienna Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. See https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/powerMediation\/powerMediation.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20978"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy229"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_61_2","article-title":"Age differences in prefrontal surface area and thickness in middle aged to older adults","volume":"7","author":"Dotson VM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dotson VM et al . 2015 Age differences in prefrontal surface area and thickness in middle aged to older adults. Front. Aging Neurosci. 7 , 250. (doi:10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00250)","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135516"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)00102-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.782"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00187-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.794618"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01453-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.083"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu014"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2013.15.1\/kjellinger"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-011-0321-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0132-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00679-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317513488910"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050412"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naveed K et al . 2024 Supplementary material from: Effect of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex structural measures on neuroplasticity and response to paired associative stimulation in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. FigShare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.7202776)","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0233"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0233","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0233","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0233","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:19:39Z","timestamp":1778620779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/42867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1906","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2023.0233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0233","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-04","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20230233"}}