{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:21:09Z","timestamp":1778624469974,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1910","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The behaviour settings approach was introduced as a means to study the variability of human beings\u2019 behaviour outside the lab. More recently, it has been argued that it also provides a fruitful avenue for developing situated accounts of cognition. This article will provide a proof of concept for the latter suggestion, focusing on the science of self-control. Self-control is the ability of individuals to pursue goals they value in the face of conflicting motivations. The hypothesis we bring forward is that this ability should be understood as a set of skills by which individuals modulate their relation to their environment, more specifically the behaviour settings they inhabit. With this conception of self-control in hand, we will take a critical look at well-known experiments involving delayed gratification tasks and propose concrete suggestions on how to improve them. This will bring us to the conclusion that the behaviour settings framework might have a valuable role to play in developing a situated science of self-control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018People, places, things and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T03:06:09Z","timestamp":1721012769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Running away from the marshmallow: the relevance of behaviour settings for a situated science of self-control"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"379","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8574-492X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Annemarie","family":"Kalis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Utrecht University , Utrecht 3512 BL, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Pascoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, University of Murcia , Murcia 30100, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Segundo Ortin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, University of Murcia , Murcia 30100, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","volume-title":"Ecological psychology: concepts and methods for studying the environment of human behavior","author":"Barker RG","year":"1975","unstructured":"Barker RG . 1975 Ecological psychology: concepts and methods for studying the environment of human behavior. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","volume-title":"Habitats, environments, and human behavior: studies in ecological psychology and eco-behavioral science from the Midwest Psychological Field Station, 1947 - 1972","author":"Barker RG","year":"1978","unstructured":"Barker RG (ed). 1978 Habitats, environments, and human behavior: studies in ecological psychology and eco-behavioral science from the Midwest Psychological Field Station, 1947 - 1972, 1st edn. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","volume-title":"One boy\u2019s day; a specimen record of behavior","author":"Barker RG","year":"1951","unstructured":"Barker RG , Wright HF . 1951 One boy\u2019s day; a specimen record of behavior. New York, NY: Harper."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0021697"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2658056"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","volume-title":"The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition","author":"Robbins P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robbins P , Aydede M (eds). 2009 The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410600479"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10407413.2018.1410045"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","first-page":"217","article-title":"Situated agency: the normative medium of human action","volume":"29","author":"McGann M","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGann M . 2014 Situated agency: the normative medium of human action. Synth. Philos. 29 , 217\u2013233. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Situated-agency%3A-the-normative-medium-of-human-McGann\/88c04a0628e9f94554cf0dce88971ca8cffcc6ee?utm_source=direct_link","journal-title":"Synth. Philos."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003259244-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09515080701874092"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","volume-title":"Failures of agency: irrational behavior and self-understanding","author":"Kalis A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kalis A . 2011 Failures of agency: irrational behavior and self-understanding. Washington, DC: Rowman & Littlefield."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","volume-title":"Irrationality: an essay on Akrasia, self-deception, and self-control","author":"Mele AR","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mele AR . 1987 Irrationality: an essay on Akrasia, self-deception, and self-control. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/qm4xb"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.2018.0000"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199257361.003.0007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/57.2.123"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199214570.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nous.12332"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-013-9188-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X20000357"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.2.325"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1252"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7463.003.0007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100618821893"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657240"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.617434"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","volume-title":"Philosophical foundations of Neuroscience","author":"Bennett MR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bennett MR , Hacker PMS . 2003 Philosophical foundations of Neuroscience. Oxford, UK: Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.566385"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rati.12180"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-021-03068-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197500941.003.0005"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12738"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","article-title":"Skill, drill, and intelligent performance: Ryle and intellectualism","volume":"5","author":"B\u00e4ckstr\u00f6m S","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00e4ckstr\u00f6m S , Gustafsson M . 2017 Skill, drill, and intelligent performance: Ryle and intellectualism. J. Hist. Analytical Phil. 5 . (doi:10.15173\/jhap.v5i5.3205)","journal-title":"J. Hist. Analytical Phil."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1n2tvzm.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01956"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10670-021-00500-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032198"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","volume-title":"The marshmallow test: understanding self-control and how to master it","author":"Mischel W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mischel W . 2014 The marshmallow test: understanding self-control and how to master it. New York, NY: Random House."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsq081"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797618761661"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Marshmallow test in context: how does the social environment influence decision-making and self-control","volume":"15","author":"Chaverri Chaves P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaverri Chaves P , Barrantes Pereira R , Conejo LD . 2021 The Marshmallow test in context: how does the social environment influence decision-making and self-control. Cienc. Psicol. 15 , 1\u201310. (doi:10.22235\/cp.v15i2.2486)","journal-title":"Cienc. Psicol."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12847"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976221074650"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615623247"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003259244-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10407413.2018.1410045"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13869790802245679"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800402238074"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_2","first-page":"883","article-title":"Personality and social behavior","volume":"2","author":"Snyder M","year":"1985","unstructured":"Snyder M , Ickes W . 1985 Personality and social behavior. Handb. Soc. Psychol. 2 , 883\u2013947.","journal-title":"Handb. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1511\/2013.104.352"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010211118"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026545"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2018.1478324"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12604"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0289","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0289","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0289","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:24:15Z","timestamp":1778621055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/109532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1910","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2023.0289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0289","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-27","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20230289"}}