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Prey, however, must balance the costs and benefits of using conspecifics to mediate risk. Thus, the emergent patterns of risk-driven sociality depend on variation in space and in the predators and prey themselves. We applied the concept of predator\u2013prey habitat domain, the space in which animals acquire food resources, to test the conditions under which individuals synchronize their movements relative to predator and prey habitat domains. We tested the response of movement synchrony of prey to predator\u2013prey domains in two populations of ungulates that vary in their gregariousness and predator community: (i) elk, which are preyed on by wolves; and (ii) caribou, which are preyed on by coyotes and black bears. Prey in both communities responded to cursorial predators by increasing synchrony during seasons of greater predation pressure. Elk moved more synchronously in the wolf habitat domain during winter and caribou moved more synchronously in the coyote habitat domains during spring. In the winter, caribou increased movement synchrony when coyote and caribou domains overlapped. By integrating habitat domains with movement ecology, we provide a compelling argument for social behaviours and collective movement as an antipredator response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018The spatial\u2013social interface: A theoretical and empirical integration\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T09:59:01Z","timestamp":1725443941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Friends because of foes: synchronous movement within predator\u2013prey domains"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"379","author":[{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Prokopenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave , St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7899-2781","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"E. 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