{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:12:42Z","timestamp":1788210762350,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1920","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Florida Gatorade Award Allocation"},{"name":"American Association for Anatomy Short-term Visiting Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The avian respiratory system has been an area of biological interest for centuries, with zebra finches (\n                    <jats:italic>Taeniopygia castanotis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) emerging in recent decades as a primary avian model organism popularized across numerous disciplines. The pulmonary system of birds is unique in that air moves unidirectionally through the gas-exchanging lung, and previous works have suggested anatomical constraints within the bronchial network that may be coupled to the inspiratory valving mechanism in Aves. We used \u00b5CT-based segmented models to visualize and describe the morphology of the zebra finch lower respiratory system and to examine intra- and interspecific differences of the bronchial tree with the phylogenetically and ecologically different African grey parrot (\n                    <jats:italic>Psittacus erithacus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Here, we show that zebra finches have highly variable lung and air sac morphology within individuals but generally do not diverge from the anatomical\n                    <jats:italic>bauplan<\/jats:italic>\n                    previously described for passerines. Additionally the parabronchi in the zebra finch lung are arranged into isolated segments between secondary bronchi, which has not been described and may be coupled with airflow patterns in this species. Both zebra finches and African grey parrots show constrained interostial distances and robust, caudally directed third ventrobronchi that may play an unexplored role in the unidirectional airflow patterns of birds.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Biology of the avian respiratory system: development, evolutionary morphology, function and clinical considerations\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T19:05:31Z","timestamp":1740596731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The lungs of the finch: three-dimensional pulmonary anatomy of the zebra finch (\n                    <i>Taeniopygia castanotis<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"380","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2888-6434","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aracely","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul E.","family":"Diaz Jr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clinton A.","family":"Grand Pre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon P.","family":"Hedrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma R.","family":"Schachner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine , Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.959852"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/315145a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5397.2250"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MU10003"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/367165a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/352153a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.086264"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2006507"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00196"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023198"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-020-01322-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2006.01497.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08819"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03444.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MUv110n3_ED"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10332"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63488-7.00015-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12336"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1972.tb01353.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14787"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480220107"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_25_2","first-page":"3611","article-title":"Ventilation patterns of the songbird lung\/air sac system during different behaviors","volume":"216","author":"Mackelprang R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mackelprang R , Goller F . 2013 Ventilation patterns of the songbird lung\/air sac system during different behaviors. J. Exp. Biol. 216 , 3611\u20133619. (doi:10.1242\/jeb.087197)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.011908"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21340"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13358"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25300"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07485-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15697"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_32_2","first-page":"171","volume-title":"International review of general and experimental zoology","author":"King AS","year":"1966","unstructured":"King AS . 1966 Structural and functional aspects of the avian lungs and air sacs. In International review of general and experimental zoology (eds WJL Felts , RJ Harrison ), pp. 171\u2013267. New York, NY: Elsevier. (doi:10.1016\/B978-1-4831-9978-8.50010-4)"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_33_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"The lung air sac system of birds. A contribution to the functional anatomy of the respiratory apparatus","volume":"45","author":"Duncker HR","year":"1971","unstructured":"Duncker HR . 1971 The lung air sac system of birds. A contribution to the functional anatomy of the respiratory apparatus. Ergeb. Anat. Entwicklungsgeschichte 45 , 7\u2013171.","journal-title":"Ergeb. Anat. Entwicklungsgeschichte"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(73)90511-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(79)90021-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(85)90014-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0592642"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2006.tb00218.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(72)90016-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_41_2","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Anatomy of the lungs and air sacs","author":"McLelland J","year":"1989","unstructured":"McLelland J . 1989 Anatomy of the lungs and air sacs (ed FB Form ), pp. 221\u2013279. London, UK: Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12292"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(72)90060-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_44_2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Atmung der V\u00f6gel","volume":"28","author":"Brandes G","year":"1924","unstructured":"Brandes G . 1924 Atmung der V\u00f6gel. Vgl. Dtsch Zool. Ges. 28 , 57\u201359.","journal-title":"Vgl. Dtsch Zool. Ges."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-91002-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3142-6.50015-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(72)90019-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(88)90010-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(91)90125-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004637"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402620411"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180219"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.60"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12871"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24293"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405088111"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-016-0983-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_59_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Similarity of crocodilian and avian lungs indicates unidirectional flow is ancestral for archosaurs","volume":"55","author":"Farmer CG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farmer CG . 2015 Similarity of crocodilian and avian lungs indicates unidirectional flow is ancestral for archosaurs. Integr. Comp. Biol. 1-1055, 55 , icv078. (doi:10.1093\/icb\/icv078)","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10211-011-0106-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-011-0389-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1885.003.0035"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12861"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.10.1561"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420064452-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21340"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605335"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22427"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.215"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-004-1014-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000190306"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000200102"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_73_2","unstructured":"R Code Team . 2023 R: a language and environment for statistical computing . Vienna Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_74_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Plotrix: a package in the red light district of R","volume":"6","author":"Lemon J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lemon J . 2006 Plotrix: a package in the red light district of R. R. News 6 , 8\u201312. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/doc\/Rnews\/Rnews_2006-4.pdf","journal-title":"R. News"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(81)90067-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.113647"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(84)90052-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2019.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.11.2349"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.136.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_82_2","article-title":"Variation in air sac morphology and postcranial skeletal pneumatization patterns in the African grey parrot","author":"Lawson AB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lawson AB , Martinez A , Hedrick BP , Echols MS , Schachner ER . 2024 Variation in air sac morphology and postcranial skeletal pneumatization patterns in the African grey parrot. J. Anat. (doi:10.111.joa.14146)","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez A Diaz Jr RE Grand Pre CA Hedrick B Schachner ER . 2024 Supplementary material from: The lungs of the finch: three-dimensional pulmonary anatomy of the Zebra finch (Taeniopygia castanotis). Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.7601474)","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0420"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0420","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0420","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:24:59Z","timestamp":1778621099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/109847"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1920","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2023.0420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0420","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-06","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20230420"}}