{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:21:05Z","timestamp":1778624465595,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1932","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant number 853211 awarded to Ingrid Lossius Falkum"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant number 853211 awarded to Ingrid Lossius Falkum"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Work in developmental pragmatics has shown that even though infants display refined mindreading abilities, older children struggle to understand language phenomena that rely on mindreading. This apparent mismatch might be partially explained by considering children\u2019s growing sensitivity to social categories such as their interlocutor\u2019s age. Based on recent work in philosophy of mind, we investigated how social categorization relates to children\u2019s developing mindreading abilities during language comprehension. We tested the hypothesis that social-category-based reasoning follows a similar developmental trajectory to that typically described for children\u2019s mindreading skills. In a picture-selection task, Norwegian participants (ages 3\u20139 years,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 119) made decisions regarding a speaker\u2019s (child or adult) preferences by choosing between images showing stereotypically child-coded and adult-coded items. Young children preferentially selected the child-coded image regardless of the speaker\u2019s age, while older children selected the stereotypically adult-coded image when they heard the adult speaker. Additionally, we found no evidence that participants\u2019 performance in the picture-selection task was causally predicted by their scores on a standard false-belief task. We interpret these results as suggesting that the use of social categorization skills during utterance interpretation describes a similar developmental trajectory to that typically described for mindreading abilities, but is likely independent from false-belief reasoning. We argue that future studies in developmental pragmatics should consider social category differences between participants and speakers when drawing conclusions about children\u2019s mindreading abilities and how these are reflected in their interpretation of verbal utterances.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018At the heart of human communication: new views on the complex relationship between pragmatics and Theory of Mind\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T07:06:43Z","timestamp":1755155203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The social dimension of mindreading: developmental evidence for the role of social categorization during utterance interpretation"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"380","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7779-406X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Camilo R.","family":"Ronderos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Languages and Literature, Lund University","place":["Lund, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Noveck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Falkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0198236107.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1523"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90022-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_5_2","volume-title":"Studies in the way of words","author":"Grice HP","year":"1989","unstructured":"Grice HP. 1989 Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_6_2","volume-title":"Relevance: communication and cognition","author":"Sperber D","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sperber D, Wilson D. 1986 Relevance: communication and cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316027073"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_8_2","volume-title":"Speaking our minds: why human communication is different, and how language evolved to make it special","author":"Scott-Phillips T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scott-Phillips T. 2014 Speaking our minds: why human communication is different, and how language evolved to make it special. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139028370"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0017.00186"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20054"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2009.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2011.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.02035"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2023.105480"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.104011"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12938"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263724"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2022.105879"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_21_2","first-page":"509","article-title":"When irony is faster than its literal control: the role of mindreading during irony comprehension","volume":"50","author":"Ronderos CR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ronderos CR, Tomlinson JM, Noveck I. 2023 When irony is faster than its literal control: the role of mindreading during irony comprehension. J. Exp. Psychol. 50, 509\u2013522. (doi:10.1037\/xlm0001219)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036630"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_23_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pragmatics and theory of mind in older adults\u2019 humor comprehension","volume":"42","author":"Bischetti L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bischetti L, Ceccato I, Lecce S, Cavallini E, Bambini V. 2019 Pragmatics and theory of mind in older adults\u2019 humor comprehension. Curr. Psychol. 42, 1\u201317. (doi:10.1007\/s12144-019-00295-w)","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2017.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(83)90004-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00304"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mila.12014"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(95)00661-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151005X55370"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107621"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612447819"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0017.2009.01384.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_34_2","volume-title":"How children learn the meanings of words","author":"Bloom P","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bloom P. 2002 How children learn the meanings of words. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.5.639"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01442.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000909009520"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90026-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2012.672272"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2021.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2023.105531"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198791768.013.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phc3.12526"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-017-1404-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-017-0908-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-017-1575-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315396064"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00501"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9507.00103"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-121318-084824"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721412474459"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01679.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_54_2","unstructured":"Kinzler KD. 2008 The native language of social cognition: developmental origins of social preferences based on language. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.24.6.755"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p3331"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2004.00339.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06210.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2006.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12660"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13544"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00913.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.591"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037729"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00889.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2022.101197"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15475441.2014.927328"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13014"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2019.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S030500092000032X"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(66)90077-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01069289"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9475-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_74_2","unstructured":"Zehr J Schwarz F. 2018 PennController for Internet Based Experiments (IBEX). (doi:10.17605\/OSF.IO\/MD832)"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12504"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172139"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203833926"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2012.676055"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00333"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(92)90004-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12331"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_83_2","unstructured":"R Core Team. 2020 R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Manual]. Vienna Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_84_2","unstructured":"R Studio Team. 2020 RStudio: Integrated development environment for r [Manual]. Boston MA: R Studio PBC."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_87_2","unstructured":"Hope RM. 2022 Rmisc: Ryan miscellaneous. R Package Version 1.5.1 https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=Rmisc."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_89_2","unstructured":"Wickham H Fran\u00e7ois R Henry L M\u00fcller K. 2023 Dplyr: A grammar of data manipulation [Manual]. See https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dplyr."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_90_2","unstructured":"H\u00f8jsgaard S Halekoh U. 2024 doBy: Groupwise Statistics LSmeans Linear Estimates Utilities. See https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=doBy."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_91_2","unstructured":"Aust F Barth M. 2017 Papaja: prepare reproducible APA journal articles with R Markdown. R package version 0.1. 0.9997."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_92_2","unstructured":"M\u00fcller K. 2020 Here: a simpler way to find your files. See https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=here."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_93_2","unstructured":"Lenth R. 2024 emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means aka Least-Squares Means. See https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_94_2","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke D. 2023 sjPlot: Data Visualization for Statistics in Social Science. See https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=sjPlot."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2003.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1364"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.2011.02074.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2024.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218221135543"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200939"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2021.103479"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_106_2","first-page":"1505","article-title":"The pragmatics of foreign accents: the social costs and benefits of being a non-native speaker","volume":"49","author":"Ip MHK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ip MHK, Papafragou A. 2023 The pragmatics of foreign accents: the social costs and benefits of being a non-native speaker. J. Exp. Psychol. 49, 1505\u20131521. (doi:10.1037\/xlm0001197)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198791768.013.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0001381"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2023.105504"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_110_2","unstructured":"OSF HOME. 2024 The social dimension of mindreading: Developmental evidence for the role of social categorization during utterance interpretation. OSF. See https:\/\/osf.io\/2y6cf\/?view_only=e4098e7197b346aa9c9298c1233580b4."}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0493","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0493","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:24:18Z","timestamp":1778621058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/235043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1932","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2023.0493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2023.0493","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-17","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20230493"}}