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We then discuss the impact of a major and emerging disease, the high pathogenicity avian influenza, as one of the most critical seasonal diseases with significant implications for poultry and wild bird populations. The review identifies the need to enhance our knowledge of annual rhythms in immune cells and tissues in birds, at molecular, cellular and hormonal levels across the year. Moreover, there is a significant absence of information on sex-specific seasonal variation in immune function. Understanding seasonal immune system dynamics will aid in addressing the negative impacts of pathogenic diseases, minimize global economic losses and aid conservation efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue \u2018Circadian rhythms in infection and immunity\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T19:08:02Z","timestamp":1737572882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Endocrine and molecular regulation of seasonal avian immune function"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"380","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4273-0488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sayantan","family":"Sur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health &amp; Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1598-6971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jyoti","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6642-0417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shalie","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2644-9685","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tyler","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health &amp; Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-55261-1_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2604"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Avian endocrinology","author":"Wingfield JC","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wingfield JC. 1980 Fine temporal adjustments of reproductive function. 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