{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:46:06Z","timestamp":1791848766405,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1916","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF"},{"name":"NIH"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019076","name":"Wild Animal Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NERC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    As animals age, they exhibit a suite of phenotypic changes, often including reductions in movement and social behaviour (\u2018behavioural ageing\u2019). By altering an individual\u2019s exposure to parasites, behavioural ageing may influence infection status trajectories over the lifespan. However, these processes could be confounded by age-related changes in other phenotypic traits, or by selective disappearance of certain individuals owing to parasite-induced mortality. Here, we uncover contrasting age-related patterns of infection across three helminth parasites in wild adult female red deer (\n                    <jats:italic>Cervus elaphus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Counts of strongyle nematodes (order: Strongylida) increased with age, while counts of liver fluke (\n                    <jats:italic>Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and tissue worm (\n                    <jats:italic>Elaphostrongylus cervi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) decreased, and lungworm (\n                    <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) counts did not change. These relationships could not be explained by socio-spatial behaviours, spatial structuring, or selective disappearance, suggesting behavioural ageing is unlikely to be responsible for driving age trends. Instead, social connectedness and strongyle infection were positively correlated, such that direct age\u2013infection trends were directly contrasted with the effects implied by previously documented behavioural ageing. This suggests that behavioural ageing may reduce parasite exposure, potentially countering other age-related changes. These findings demonstrate that different parasites can show contrasting age trajectories depending on diverse intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and that behaviour\u2019s role in these processes is likely to be complex and multidirectional.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the discussion meeting issue \u2018Understanding age and society using natural populations\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T04:05:12Z","timestamp":1730088312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Divergent age-related changes in parasite infection occur independently of behaviour and demography in a wild ungulate"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"379","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6260-2662","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregory 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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McBean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine M.","family":"Pemberton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9985-0317","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Nussey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7183-4115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Josh A.","family":"Firth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK"},{"name":"School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14065"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(96)10039-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.1100"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12236"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13356"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105426"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2021.0643"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116415"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12965"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-022-01817-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209180119"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz9129"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105294"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.04.066"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2722"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12786"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01420.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-017-0006-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13343"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw5822"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108964"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2159"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503331"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01408.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.02778"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0906"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003538"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12994"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001653"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400840809"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","volume-title":"Red 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