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Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we present a collaborative, transdisciplinary research project that explores the cumulative ecological and human impacts of colonization on the s\u0259l\u0313ilw\u0259t (Tsleil-Wat, Burrard Inlet) ecosystem in what is now known as British Columbia, Canada. s\u0259l\u0313ilw\u0259t is at the heart of the traditional and unceded territory of s\u0259l\u0313ilw\u0259ta\u026c (Tsleil-Waututh), a Coast Salish Indigenous Nation. This research is conducted at the request and under the leadership of s\u0259l\u0313ilw\u0259ta\u026c. Drawing on archaeology, historical ecology, historical\/archival records, and s\u0259l\u0313ilw\u0259ta\u026c science, we use Ecopath with Ecosim to model selected environmental stressors and the devastating loss of s\u0259l\u0313ilw\u0259ta\u026c life caused by colonization, from 1750\u20131980 CE. We include European-introduced smallpox epidemics, the rise in the settler population and settler fishing pressure, the loss of shoreline habitat and the closure of bivalve harvesting owing to industrial and urban pollution. Our results show dramatic change in the ecosystem state following these events, with significant losses in biomass and degradation of ecosystem health during the 230 years that we assess. We demonstrate the ecological impact that smallpox had through loss of both human life and Indigenous stewardship. This research sits within the palaeoenvironmental, palaeoecological and environmental archaeological space of reconstructing past environments and human-to-environment relationships over deep time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Shifting seas: understanding deep-time human impacts on marine ecosystems\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T07:05:59Z","timestamp":1752131159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unsettling the record: modelling the devastating cumulative effects of selected environmental stressors and loss of human life caused by colonization in Burrard Inlet, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"380","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-225X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meaghan","family":"Efford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer","family":"Taft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Treaty, Lands &amp; Resources, Tsleil-Waututh Nation, Vancouver, British Columbia V7H 2V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micheal","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Treaty, Lands &amp; Resources, Tsleil-Waututh Nation, Vancouver, British Columbia V7H 2V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Treaty, Lands &amp; Resources, Tsleil-Waututh Nation, Vancouver, British Columbia V7H 2V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Speller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1X8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Villy","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_9_2_2","unstructured":"Morin J. 2015 Tsleil-Waututh Nation\u2019s history culture and aboriginal interests in eastern Burrard Inlet (Public Redacted Version) https:\/\/twnsacredtrust.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Morin-Expert-Report-PUBLIC-VERSION-sm.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_3_2","volume-title":"The Burrard Inlet radiocarbon dating project: documenting pre-contact Tsleil-Waututh settlement patterns","author":"Morin J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morin J. 2014 The Burrard Inlet radiocarbon dating project: documenting pre-contact Tsleil-Waututh settlement patterns. vol. 12. 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