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B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Thousands of exoplanets orbit nearby stars, showcasing a remarkable diversity in mass, size and orbits. With the James Webb Space Telescope now operational, we are observing exoplanet atmospheres and aiming to reach down to small, habitable-zone exoplanets in search of signs of habitability and possibly even biosignature gases. Given the scarcity of targets, it is imperative to embrace the known diversity and consider the range of exoplanets that might host life. We review how Earth life interacts with various atmospheric gases, noting that bacteria can survive in high concentrations of gases such as H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , He, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CO. Additionally, we consider the potential for life in alternative solvents and in cloud biospheres where rocky surfaces are excessively hot, as well as in hypothesized planetary global oceans. We highlight that life fundamentally requires metal ions for catalytic reactions, suggesting that environments without surface contact need meteoritic delivery to provide these essential elements. Despite today\u2019s observational limits, a suite of next-generation telescopes is being designed specifically for exoplanet studies, promising to expand our capabilities and understanding in the future.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the discussion meeting issue \u2018Chance and purpose in the evolution of biospheres\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T07:05:31Z","timestamp":1754550331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The diversity of exoplanetary environments and the search for signs of life beyond Earth"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"380","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6892-6948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara","family":"Seager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA"},{"name":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1921-4848","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janusz J.","family":"Petkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland"},{"name":"JJ Scientific, Warsaw, Mazowieckie 02-792, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5503-3764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Bains","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics &amp; Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK"},{"name":"Rufus Scientific, Melbourn, Herts SG8 6ED, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/672273"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521346"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2006.0124"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/533420"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2014.1231"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2016.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rasti\/rzad009"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-006-8315-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","article-title":"Prospects for detecting signs of life on exoplanets in the JWST era","author":"Seager S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Seager S, Welbanks L, Ellerbroek L, Bains W, Petkowski JJ. 2025 Prospects for detecting signs of life on exoplanets in the JWST era. arXiv 2504.12946. 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