{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T23:26:14Z","timestamp":1783812374283,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1945","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF Center for Pandemic Insights"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005522","name":"California Sea Grant","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005522","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020658","name":"NOAA Sea Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Since 2020, H5Nx high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused widespread disruptions not only to global agriculture and trade but also to the health of free-ranging wildlife. Pinnipeds have experienced greater mortality from H5Nx HPAIV than any other mammalian taxa. Emergent virus strains, persisting over long time periods and vast geographic distances, have repeatedly triggered large-scale mortality events in pinniped populations. Of particular concern is the spread of H5Nx HPAIV to the Southern Hemisphere\u2014including the emergence of a marine mammal-adapted clade in South America and detections in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic\u2014and to other remote locations such as the Hawaiian Islands. These developments elevate concern for the world\u2019s endangered, isolated and endemic pinnipeds. While managing HPAIV in any animal population is a formidable task, working with free-ranging marine mammals poses unique challenges. In this review and perspective piece, we attempt to synthesize complexities at this intersection. We describe lessons learned from HPAIV investigations in marine wildlife, highlight gaps in knowledge and capacity, and discuss the incorporation of outbreak risk assessment and countermeasures into pinniped conservation. Finally, we propose ways in which pinnipeds\u2014and marine wildlife broadly\u2014could be better integrated into existing systems for HPAIV intelligence, control and prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Managing infectious marine diseases in wild populations\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:45:02Z","timestamp":1772844302000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High pathogenicity avian influenza in pinniped conservation"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"381","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3251-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ashley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, Weill School of Veterinary Medicine 1 , , ,","place":["Davis, CA, USA, 95616"],"department":["Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center"]},{"name":"Institute for Pandemic Insights, University of California, Davis, Weill School of Veterinary Medicine 2 , , ,","place":["Davis, CA, USA, 95616"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph Eric Thijl","family":"Vanstreels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, Weill School of Veterinary Medicine 1 , , ,","place":["Davis, CA, USA, 95616"],"department":["Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Fisheries Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center 3 , , ,","place":["Honolulu, HI, USA, 96818"],"department":["Hawaiian Monk Seal Research Program"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Puryear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine 4 , , ,","place":["North Grafton, MA, USA, 01536"],"department":["Infectious Disease and Global Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Gulland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Commission 5 , , ,","place":["Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Mammal Center 6 , , ,","place":["Sausalito, CA, USA, 94965"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6673-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine Kreuder","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pandemic Insights, University of California, Davis, Weill School of Veterinary Medicine 2 , , ,","place":["Davis, CA, USA, 95616"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Uhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, Weill School of Veterinary Medicine 1 , , ,","place":["Davis, CA, USA, 95616"],"department":["Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center"]},{"name":"Institute for Pandemic Insights, University of California, Davis, Weill School of Veterinary Medicine 2 , , ,","place":["Davis, CA, USA, 95616"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031319261257000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo1232","article-title":"Resurgence of avian influenza virus","volume":"376","author":"Wille","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R2","article-title":"Emergence, spread, and impact of high-pathogenicity avian influenza H5 in wild birds and mammals of South America and Antarctica","volume":"e70052","author":"Kuiken","year":"2025","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02209-24","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1: history, current situation, and outlook","volume":"99","author":"Krammer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08054-z","article-title":"The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals","volume":"637","author":"Peacock","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R5","article-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","author":"IUCN","year":"2024","journal-title":"Version 2024-1"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R6","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)\n          . 2024Considerations for emergency vaccination of wild birds against high pathogenicity avian influenza in specific situations. Seehttps:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/01\/vaccination-wild-birds-hpai-outbreak-dec2023.pdf."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R7","volume-title":"Marine mammals of the world: a comprehensive guide to their identification","author":"Jefferson","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.13101","article-title":"Catastrophic mortality of southern elephant seals caused by H5N1 avian influenza","volume":"40","author":"Campagna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41182-0","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in marine mammals and seabirds in Peru","volume":"14","author":"Leguia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091906","article-title":"Spreading of the high-pathogenicity avian influenza (H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b into Uruguay","volume":"15","author":"Marandino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2257810","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (HPAIV) H5N1 infection in two European grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) with encephalitis","volume":"12","author":"Mirolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.221538","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus outbreak in New England Seals, United States","volume":"29","author":"Puryear","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.221426","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in a Harbor Porpoise, Sweden","volume":"29","author":"Thorsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2023.2265173","article-title":"Mass mortality event in South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) correlated to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in Chile","volume":"43","author":"Ulloa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51490-8","article-title":"Detection and spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 in the Antarctic Region","volume":"15","author":"Banyard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1080\/00063657.2024.2396563","article-title":"A case study of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 at Bird Island, South Georgia: the first documented outbreak in the subantarctic region","volume":"71","author":"Bennison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bird Study"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R17","unstructured":"Coston\n              M\n            \n          . 2023Russia: Mass Mortality Event (Seals) In Caspian Sea Linked to Avian Flu. Avian Flu Diary. Seehttps:\/\/afludiary.blogspot.com\/2023\/01\/russia-mass-mortality-event-seals-in.html."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1483922","article-title":"A comprehensive epidemiological approach documenting an outbreak of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4b among gulls, terns, and harbor seals in the Northeastern Pacific","volume":"11","author":"Haman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3006.231033","article-title":"Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in seals, St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada","volume":"30","author":"Lair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199415","article-title":"Phylodynamics of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from outbreaks in Brazil","volume":"347","author":"Rivetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3004.231725","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from multispecies outbreak, Argentina, August 2023","volume":"30","author":"Rimondi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3010.231728","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b infections in Seals, Russia, 2023","volume":"30","author":"Sobolev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53766-5","article-title":"Epidemiological data of an influenza A\/H5N1 outbreak in elephant seals in Argentina indicates mammal-to-mammal transmission","volume":"15","author":"Uhart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R24","article-title":"Mass mortality events in the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean caused by long-distance circumpolar spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b","author":"Clessin","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R25","unstructured":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC)\n          . 2025El virus de la gripe aviar en la Ant\u00e1rtida: cerca de 200 animales infectados en 24 localizaciones de la pen\u00ednsula ant\u00e1rtica. Seehttps:\/\/www.csic.es\/es\/actualidad-del-csic\/el-virus-de-la-gripe-aviar-en-la-antartida-cerca-de-200-animales-infectados-en-24-localizaciones-de-la-peninsula-antartica."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R26","unstructured":"Falkland Islands Deparment of Agriculture (FIDA)\n          . 2025Avian influenza information. Seehttps:\/\/www.falklands.gov.fk\/agriculture\/avian-influenza."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R27","unstructured":"Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI)\n          . 2025Biosecurity. Seehttps:\/\/gov.gs\/biosecurity\/."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57338-z","article-title":"Cross-species and mammal-to-mammal transmission of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A\/H5N1 with PB2 adaptations","volume":"16","author":"Pardo-Roa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.70031","article-title":"Impact of the avian influenza outbreak on the population dynamics of South American Sea Lions Otaria byronia in Northern Patagonia","volume":"41","author":"Romero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R30","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)\n          . 2025World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS). Seehttps:\/\/wahis.woah.org."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R31","unstructured":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades. 2024Investigadores espa\u00f1oles encuentran el virus de la gripe aviar altamente patog\u00e9nica en un mam\u00edfero marino por primera vez en la Ant\u00e1rtida. Seehttps:\/\/www.ciencia.gob.es\/Noticias\/2024\/Julio\/gripe-aviar-antartida.html."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R32","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Marine Mammals: Advances in Behavioural and Population Biology, The Zoological Society of London, 9\u201310 April 1992","author":"Trillmich","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[2841:APFPAO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A paradigm for population analysis of long-lived vertebrates","volume":"83","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R34","volume-title":"Global strategy for the prevention and control of high pathogenicity avian influenza (2024\u20132033) \u2013 achieving sustainable, resilient poultry production systems","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) & World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.152-179.1992","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses","volume":"56","author":"Webster","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344668.ch5","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of wild birds","author":"Stallknecht","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038489","article-title":"The ecology and evolution of influenza viruses","volume":"10","author":"Wille","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9674","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01404-16","article-title":"Evidence for the introduction, reassortment, and persistence of diverse influenza A viruses in Antarctica","volume":"90","author":"Hurt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1637\/11135-050815-RegR","article-title":"Assessing the role of seabirds in the ecology of influenza A viruses","volume":"60","author":"Lang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3436","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14728","article-title":"H6N8 avian influenza virus in Antarctic seabirds demonstrates connectivity between South America and Antarctica","volume":"69","author":"de Seixas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2307\/1591428","article-title":"Persistence of avian influenza viruses in water","volume":"34","author":"Stallknecht","year":"1990","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1637\/10741-120513-ResNote.1","article-title":"Survivability of Eurasian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in water varies between strains","volume":"58","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2018.00131","article-title":"Environmental persistence of influenza H5N1 is driven by temperature and salinity: insights from a Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1637\/8766-033109-ResNote.1","article-title":"Role of wild birds in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and implications for global surveillance","volume":"54","author":"Feare C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2311.170672","article-title":"Airborne Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus during Processing of Infected Poultry","volume":"23","author":"Bertran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4009552","article-title":"Prevalence of avian influenza virus in atypical wild birds host groups during an outbreak of highly pathogenic strain EA\/AM H5N1","volume":"2024","author":"Ringenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199.ch6","volume-title":"Diseases of poultry","author":"Swayne","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038679","article-title":"Pathobiological origins and evolutionary history of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R49","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Wildlife disease and health in conservation","author":"Ramey"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R50","unstructured":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)\n          . 2025Avian influenza virus type A (H5N1) in U.S. dairy cattle. Seehttps:\/\/www.avma.org\/resources-tools\/animal-health-and-welfare\/animal-health\/avian-influenza\/avian-influenza-virus-type-h5n1-us-dairy-cattle."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118924341.ch9","volume-title":"Animal influenza","author":"Sims","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-03-067","article-title":"Avian influenza H5N8 outbreak in African Penguins (Spheniscus demersus), Namibia, 2019","volume":"56","author":"Molini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708458","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2708458","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of and response to the high pathogenicity avian influenza (H5N8) epidemic in South African coastal seabirds, 2018","volume":"2023","author":"Roberts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06631-2","article-title":"The episodic resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 virus","volume":"622","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3106.241870","article-title":"Genesis and spread of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus genotype EA-2023-DG reassortant, Western Europe","volume":"31","author":"Van Borm","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.10.070","article-title":"Efficacy of inactivated and RNA particle vaccines against a North American Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens","volume":"41","author":"Spackman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu4909","article-title":"Spatiotemporal reconstruction of the North American A(H5N1) outbreak reveals successive lineage replacements by descendant reassortants","volume":"11","author":"Signore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54072-2","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b from Peru forms a monophyletic group with Chilean isolates in South America","volume":"14","author":"Castro-Sanguinetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R59","article-title":"Genomic analysis of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses from Antarctica reveals multiple introductions from South America","author":"Ogrzewalska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Sq."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duvenage\n              E\n            \n          . 2024Avian flu suspected on South Africa\u2019s remote Marion Island. Nature Africa. Seehttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d44148-024-00345-x#ref-CR2.","DOI":"10.1038\/d44148-024-00345-x"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13281","article-title":"Long-distance avian migrants fail to bring 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 into Australia for a second year in a row","volume":"18","author":"Wille","year":"2024","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R62","unstructured":"New Zealand Department of Conservation (NZDC)\n          . 2025Avian influenza. Seehttps:\/\/www.doc.govt.nz\/our-work\/wildlife-health\/avian-influenza\/#doc-work."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R63","unstructured":"Wildlife Health Australia\n          . 2025H5 Bird Flu. Seehttps:\/\/wildlifehealthaustralia.com.au\/Resource-Centre\/H5-bird-flu."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2104.141675","article-title":"Avian Influenza A(H10N7) virus-associated mass deaths among harbor seals","volume":"21","author":"Bodewes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2013.40","article-title":"Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in marine mammals in California","volume":"2","author":"Boyce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2104.141484","article-title":"Influenza A(H10N7) virus in dead harbor seals, Denmark","volume":"21","author":"Krog","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-014-0968-1","article-title":"Influenza virus infection of marine mammals","volume":"13","author":"Fereidouni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.77","article-title":"Prevalence of influenza A virus in live-captured North Atlantic gray seals: a possible wild reservoir","volume":"5","author":"Puryear","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159625","article-title":"Influenza A (H10N7) virus causes respiratory tract disease in harbor seals and ferrets","volume":"11","author":"van den Brand","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071531","article-title":"Epidemiology and ecology of influenza A viruses among wildlife in the Arctic","volume":"14","author":"Gass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283049","article-title":"Human influenza A virus H1N1 in marine mammals in California, 2019","volume":"18","author":"Plancarte","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13111009","article-title":"In silico genomic analysis of avian influenza viruses isolated from marine seal colonies","volume":"13","author":"Chrzastek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00166","article-title":"Gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups fail to mount an inflammatory cytokine response to influenza A virus","volume":"61","author":"McCosker","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(81)90200-2","article-title":"Characterization of an influenza A virus from seals","volume":"113","author":"Webster","year":"1981","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.51.3.863-865.1984","article-title":"Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses?","volume":"51","author":"Hinshaw","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00166-12","article-title":"Emergence of fatal avian influenza in New England harbor seals","volume":"3","author":"Anthony","year":"2012","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1992.0099","article-title":"Limited MHC polymorphism in the southern elephant seal: implications for MHC evolution and marine mammal population biology","volume":"249","author":"Slade","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-005-0069-y","article-title":"Paucity of class I MHC gene heterogeneity between individuals in the endangered Hawaiian monk seal population","volume":"58","author":"Aldridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esac030","article-title":"Sequence diversity and differences at the highly duplicated MHC-I gene reflect viral susceptibility in sympatric pinniped species","volume":"113","author":"Gigliotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70012","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying response to influenza in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), a potential wild reservoir","volume":"34","author":"McCosker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520320086","volume-title":"The pinnipeds: seals, sea lions, and walruses","author":"Riedman","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-014-1618-3","article-title":"Multiple occurrences of king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) sexual harassment by Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella)","volume":"38","author":"Haddad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10211-016-0248-x","article-title":"Prey or play: interactions between walruses and seabirds","volume":"20","author":"Giljov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ethologica"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/duz068","article-title":"Pinniped predation of birds: a cause for conservation concern?","volume":"122","author":"Swan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102005002750","article-title":"Leopard seal predation rates at penguin colonies of different size","volume":"17","author":"Ainley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-012-0909-0","article-title":"Contrasted associations between seabirds and marine mammals across four biomes of the southern Indian Ocean","volume":"154","author":"Thiebot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ornithol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2017.00121","article-title":"Positive interactions among foraging seabirds, marine mammals and fishes and implications for their conservation","volume":"5","author":"Veit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51298-6","article-title":"The global extent and severity of operational interactions between conflicting pinnipeds and fisheries","volume":"15","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00263-2","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals","volume":"116","author":"Dubey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-3-321","article-title":"The 2000 canine distemper epidemic in Caspian seals (Phoca caspica): pathology and analysis of contributory factors","volume":"43","author":"Kuiken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02762","article-title":"Surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals Phoca vitulina from central California","volume":"111","author":"Greig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062259","article-title":"Pandemic H1N1 influenza isolated from free-ranging northern elephant seals in 2010 off the Central California Coast","volume":"8","author":"Goldstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1805.111828","article-title":"Influenza A and B virus attachment to respiratory tract in marine mammals","volume":"18","author":"Ramis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2378","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14580","article-title":"Primary harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) airway epithelial cells show high susceptibility to infection by a seal-derived influenza A virus (H5N8)","volume":"69","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R95","article-title":"Pathology of influenza A (H5N1) infection in pinnipeds reveals novel tissue tropism and vertical transmission","author":"Fiorito","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105679","article-title":"Antiviral susceptibility of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from birds and mammals in the United States, 2022","volume":"217","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4675610","article-title":"Abortions and sexual behaviour alterations associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreak in South American Sea Lion from Patagonia","author":"Grandi","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1325977","article-title":"Pinnipeds and avian influenza: a global timeline and review of research on the impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza on pinniped populations with particular reference to the endangered Caspian seal (Pusa caspica)","volume":"14","author":"Gadzhiev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2456146","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N5) detected in an Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the Svalbard Archipelago, Norway, 2023","volume":"14","author":"Postel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R100","unstructured":"Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (CWHC)\n          . 2025High pathogenicity avian influenza in wildlife. Seehttps:\/\/cfia-ncr.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/dashboards\/89c779e98cdf492c899df23e1c38fdbc."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R101","unstructured":"Homma\n              H\n            \n          . 2025Bird flu suspected in mass deaths of sea animals in eastern Hokkaido. The Mainichi. Seehttps:\/\/mainichi.jp\/english\/articles\/20250507\/p2a\/00m\/0li\/020000c."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03827","article-title":"Incidence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in pinnipeds in Uruguay","volume":"160","author":"Szteren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.13163","article-title":"Impacts and lessons learned from the first highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak in South American pinnipeds along the southern Brazilian coast","volume":"41","author":"De Lima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12742","article-title":"Population-level impacts of natural and anthropogenic causes-of-death for Hawaiian monk seals in the main Hawaiian Islands","volume":"37","author":"Harting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmeyr\n              GJG\n            \n          . 2015Mirounga leonina. The IUCN Red List of threatened species 2015: e.T13583A45227247. Seehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13583A45227247.en.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13583A45227247.en"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.70009","article-title":"Predicting population consequences of an epidemic of high pathogenicity avian influenza on Southern Elephant seals","volume":"41","author":"Campagna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R107","first-page":"49","article-title":"A review of data on abundance, trends in abundance, habitat use and diet of ice-breeding seals in the Southern Ocean","volume":"19","author":"Southwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"CCAMLR Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R108","volume-title":"U.S. Pacific marine mammal stock assessments: 2023","author":"Carretta","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.796488","article-title":"The rapid population collapse of a key marine predator in the Northern Antarctic Peninsula endangers genetic diversity and resilience to climate change","volume":"8","author":"Krause","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1453737","article-title":"Avian influenza H5N1 threatens imperiled krill-dependent predators in Antarctica","volume":"11","author":"Brownell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00053.x","article-title":"Growth and distribution of a southern elephant seal colony","volume":"8","author":"Campagna","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01189-4","article-title":"Evolution, spread and impact of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza A viruses","volume":"24","author":"Bellido-Mart\u00edn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad083","article-title":"The first case of human infection with H5N1 avian Influenza A virus in Chile","volume":"30","author":"Castillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2332667","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from a human case in Chile causes fatal disease and transmits between co-housed ferrets","volume":"13","author":"Pulit-Penaloza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R115","first-page":"923","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of marine mammals","author":"Weller","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1578\/AM.48.6.2022.509","article-title":"Observations of giant petrels (Macronectes sp.) attacking and killing antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups","volume":"48","author":"Nagel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquat. Mamm."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/00359190809519219","article-title":"Diet of brown hyaenas (Parahyaena brunnea) on the Namibian coast","volume":"63","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. South Afr."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10211-010-0078-1","article-title":"Killing of cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) pups by brown hyenas (Parahyaena brunnea) at mainland breeding colonies along the coastal Namib Desert","volume":"13","author":"Wiesel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ethol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/14724049.2024.2307363","article-title":"Recommendations for the development of a carnivore viewing site at a colony of cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) in southern Namibia","volume":"23","author":"Lemerle","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ecotourism"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uhart\n              MM\n            , SleemanJM. 2024New approaches to wildlife health: Scientific and Technical Review. Special Edition145\u2013151. (10.20506\/rst.SE.3569)","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.SE.3569"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71492","article-title":"Expanding national-scale wildlife disease surveillance systems with research networks","volume":"15","author":"Pepin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R122","unstructured":"Montecino-Latorre\n              D\n            \n            et al\n          . 2024Rangers as an essential One Health workforce: strengthening the preservation of biodiversity and One Health in practice. Wildlife Conservation Society. (doi:10.2139\/ssrn.4997409)"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R123","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)\n          . 2024Practical guide for authorised field responders to HPAI outbreaks in marine mammals, with a focus on biosecurity, sample collection for virus detection and carcass disposal. Seehttps:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/02\/woah-practicalguide-forauthorisedfieldresponders-hpaimarinemammals-feb24.pdf."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R124","volume-title":"Report of the NOAA fisheries cetacean species in the spotlight health assessment workshop: Seattle, Washington, 25\u201326 June 2024","author":"Trego","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R125","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)\n          . 2020OIE wildlife health framework. Seehttps:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Internationa_Standard_Setting\/docs\/pdf\/WGWildlife\/A_Wildlifehealth_conceptnote.pdf."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53550-x","article-title":"HPAIV outbreak triggers short-term colony connectivity in a seabird metapopulation","volume":"14","author":"Jeglinski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2023.110269","article-title":"Strong breeding colony fidelity in northern gannets following high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreak","volume":"286","author":"Gr\u00e9millet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5038\/2074-1235.52.1.1566","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza resulted in unprecedented reproductive failure and movement behaviour by northern gannets","volume":"52","author":"Careen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Ornithol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1890\/06-0843.1","article-title":"Marine mammal harvests and other interactions with humans","volume":"18","author":"Hovelsrud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R130","unstructured":"De Klerk\n              S\n            \n          . 2013Seal harvesting in Namibia: a critical analysis. Doctoral dissertation, University of Namibia. https:\/\/www.harpseals.org\/about_the_hunt\/s.de_klerk-namibia_seal_harvesting_analysis-dissertation_2013.pdf."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2414610","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections in humans","volume":"392","author":"Garg","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2024.110842","article-title":"Vaccination of endangered wildlife as a conservation tool: hindsights and new horizons in the pandemic era","volume":"300","author":"Gulland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3106.241558","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of poultry vaccine for protecting critically endangered avian species against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States","volume":"31","author":"Katzner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R134","article-title":"Vaccination against H5 HP influenza virus leads to persistent immune response in wild king penguins","author":"Lejeune","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20171899","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1899","article-title":"Model recommendations meet management reality: implementation and evaluation of a network-informed vaccination effort for endangered Hawaiian monk seals","volume":"285","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R136","unstructured":"Anthes\n              E\n            \n          . 2025Scientists Begin Testing Bird Flu Vaccine in Seals. The New York Times. Seehttps:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/09\/09\/science\/bird-flu-seals-vaccine.html."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-10-238","article-title":"Modeling a morbillivirus outbreak in Hawaiian monk seals (Neomonachus schauinslandi) to aid in the design of mitigation programs","volume":"53","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2711.211225","article-title":"Encephalitis and death in wild mammals at a rehabilitation center after infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) Virus, United Kingdom","volume":"27","author":"Floyd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R139","article-title":"Genomic signatures and host adaptation of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b: a call for global surveillance and multi-target antiviral strategies","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Microb. Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R140","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)\n          . 2023Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 31st edition. Seehttps:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/what-we-do\/standards\/codes-and-manuals\/."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270923000400","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza causes mass mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis breeding colonies across north-western Europe","volume":"34","author":"Knief","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bird Conserv. Int."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102004002020","article-title":"Annual cycle and inter-annual variation in the haul-out pattern of an increasing southern elephant seal colony","volume":"16","author":"Lewis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2012.00585.x","article-title":"The founding of a southern elephant seal colony","volume":"29","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2005.01025.x","article-title":"Population dynamics of harbour seals Phoca vitulina in England: monitoring growth and catastrophic declines","volume":"42","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12045","article-title":"Ecosystem services provided by waterbirds","volume":"89","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay5342","article-title":"Cascading social\u2013ecological costs and benefits triggered by a recovering keystone predator","volume":"368","author":"Gregr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2012.01899.x","article-title":"Public Willingness to Pay for Recovering and Downlisting Threatened and Endangered Marine Species","volume":"26","author":"Wallmo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2008.10.016","article-title":"The total economic value of threatened, endangered and rare species: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2015.00067","article-title":"Conservation benefits of an interdisciplinary approach to marine mammal science","volume":"2","author":"Lent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R150","unstructured":"Earth Economics\n          . 2021Economic impacts associated with the expansion of critical habitat designation for the Southern Resident population of killer whales. Prepared for the US National Marine Fisheries Service, West Coast Region. Seehttps:\/\/media.fisheries.noaa.gov\/2021-07\/iec-srkw-ch-final-economic-report-19july2021.pdf."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R151","unstructured":"OFFLU\n          . 2025Terms of Reference for the OFFLU Socioeconomics Working Group. Seehttps:\/\/offlu.org\/socioeconomic\/."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R152","unstructured":"Marine Mammal Commission\n          . 2023The Value of Marine Mammals. Seehttps:\/\/www.mmc.gov\/priority-topics\/value-marine-mammals\/."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R153","unstructured":"Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)\n          . 2023H5N1 High pathogenicity avian influenza in wild birds - Unprecedented conservation impacts and urgent needs. Scientific Task Force on Avian Influenza and Wild Birds. Seehttps:\/\/www.cms.int\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/avian_influenza_2023_aug.pdf."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R154","unstructured":"Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) and United Nations Environment Programme. Seehttps:\/\/www.cms.int\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/cms_cop14_res.14.18_avian-influenza_e.pdf."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R155","unstructured":"Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels\n          . 2025Avian Flu. Seehttps:\/\/www.acap.aq\/resources\/disease-threats\/avian-flu."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R156","unstructured":"Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research\n          . 2025Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Monitoring Project. Seehttps:\/\/scar.org\/library-data\/avian-flu."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R157","unstructured":"Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources\n          . 2025High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) resources. Seehttps:\/\/www.ccamlr.org\/en\/science\/high-pathogenicity-avian-influenza-hpai-resources."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077908","article-title":"Recovery Trends in Marine Mammal Populations","volume":"8","author":"Magera","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecochg.2022.100054","article-title":"A review of climate change effects on marine mammals in United States waters: Past predictions, observed impacts, current research and conservation imperatives","volume":"3","author":"Gulland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clim. Change Ecol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150364","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0364","article-title":"Managing marine disease emergencies in an era of rapid change","volume":"371","author":"Groner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.108398","article-title":"Modelling cetacean morbillivirus outbreaks in an endangered killer whale population","volume":"242","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R162","unstructured":"Tinker\n              MT\n            \n            et al\n          . 2021An integrated population model for southern sea otters. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey. (doi:10.3133\/ofr20211076)"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1098222","article-title":"Ecosystem-based fishery management","volume":"305","author":"Pikitch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-88539-3.00015-7","volume-title":"Conservation of marine birds","author":"Phillips","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R165","volume-title":"Guidelines for working with albatrosses and petrels during the high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 panzootic","author":"Serafini","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06173-x","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in a common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in Florida","volume":"7","author":"Murawski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3008.240481","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b infection in free-ranging Polar Bear, Alaska, USA","volume":"30","author":"Stimmelmayr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026031319261257000_R168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020168","article-title":"Zoonotic mutation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus identified in the brain of multiple wild carnivore species","volume":"12","author":"Vreman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0320\/6120670\/rstb.2024.0320.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0320\/6120670\/rstb.2024.0320.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T23:27:32Z","timestamp":1773444452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/381\/1945\/20240320\/480666\/High-pathogenicity-avian-influenza-in-pinniped"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0320","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"article-number":"20240320"}}