{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:35:00Z","timestamp":1777865700270,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1949","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-variant era, the efficacy of vaccination in preventing viral replication is poorly understood and is further complicated by heterogeneous and hybrid immunity in the population. Here, we analysed by mathematical models the kinetics of both viral load and antibodies in non-human primates with different exposure histories, conferred by infection or vaccination with mono- or bi-valent vaccines. The model describes the control of viral replication by antibodies that accelerate the clearance and reduce the infectivity of viral particles, and suggests that a previous infection leads to a faster elimination of infected cells, which is not mediated by antibodies. Finally, we used the model to simulate natural infections and show that binding, neutralization and exposure history all need to be taken into account to predict risks of infection and transmission. Protection from infection could be reached at binding levels of 3 \u00d7 104 AU ml\u22121 for individuals who received both monovalent and bivalent vaccinations, whereas hybrid immunity (infection followed by bivalent vaccination) could provide complete protection irrespective of antibody levels. These findings highlight the importance of exposure history in shaping immune responses and suggest correlates of protection for future vaccine and monoclonal antibodies strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue \u2018Evaluating anti-infective drugs\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T07:17:15Z","timestamp":1777533435000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure history shapes SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics in non-human primates and provides insights into correlates of protection against infection and transmission"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"381","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9090-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrien","family":"Mitard de Girardier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, IAME, INSERM F-75018 1 , ,","place":["Paris, France"]},{"name":"Inria Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, SISTM Team, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux 2 , ,","place":["Bordeaux, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"H\u00e9rate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT\/UMRS1184) 3 , ,","place":["Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8932-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Marlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT\/UMRS1184) 3 , ,","place":["Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 4 , ,","place":["Paris, France"],"department":["National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, CNRS UMR3569"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yannis","family":"Rahou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 4 , ,","place":["Paris, France"],"department":["National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, CNRS UMR3569"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"La\u00ebtitia","family":"Bossevot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT\/UMRS1184) 3 , ,","place":["Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Sconosciuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT\/UMRS1184) 3 , ,","place":["Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Cavarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT\/UMRS1184) 3 , ,","place":["Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Dereuddre-Bosquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT\/UMRS1184) 3 , ,","place":["Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Relouzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT\/UMRS1184) 3 , ,","place":["Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Van der Werf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 4 , ,","place":["Paris, France"],"department":["National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, CNRS UMR3569"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Simon-Loriere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 5 , ,","place":["Paris, France"],"department":["National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses Unit"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Prague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, SISTM Team, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux 2 , ,","place":["Bordeaux, France"]},{"name":"Vaccine Research Institute 6 , ,","place":["Cr\u00e9teil, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-5482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Guedj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, IAME, INSERM F-75018 1 , ,","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Le Grand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT\/UMRS1184) 3 , ,","place":["Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026043003170398200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00179-6","article-title":"Estimated number of lives directly saved by COVID-19 vaccination programmes in the WHO European region from December, 2020, to March, 2023: a retrospective surveillance study","volume":"12","author":"Mesl\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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Seehttps:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/eclinm\/article\/PIIS2589-5370(22)00306-6\/fulltext (accessed12-November-2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101576"},{"key":"2026043003170398200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208343","article-title":"A bivalent Omicron-containing booster vaccine against Covid-19","volume":"387","author":"Chalkias","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026043003170398200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52194-9","article-title":"Predicting COVID-19 booster immunogenicity against future SARS-CoV-2 variants and the benefits of vaccine updates","volume":"15","author":"Cromer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026043003170398200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2215780","article-title":"Bivalent Covid-19 vaccines\u2014a cautionary tale","volume":"388","author":"Offit","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"2026043003170398200_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1957.tb49710.x","article-title":"Interpretation of host response in quantitative studies on animal viruses","volume":"69","author":"Bryan","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2026043003170398200_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/271063","article-title":"Bayesian model selection in social research","volume":"25","author":"Raftery","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sociol. Methodol."},{"key":"2026043003170398200_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0386","article-title":"The construction of next-generation matrices for compartmental epidemic models","volume":"7","author":"Diekmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2026043003170398200_R42","article-title":"Exposure history shapes SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics in non-human primates and provides insights into correlates of protection against infection and transmission. Zenodo.","author":"Mitard de Girardier","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026043003170398200_R43","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Exposure history shapes SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics in Non-Human Primates and provides insights into correlates of protection against infection and transmission. Figshare.","author":"Mitard de Girardier","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0343\/6135606\/rstb.2024.0343.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0343\/6135606\/rstb.2024.0343.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T07:17:26Z","timestamp":1777533446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/381\/1949\/20240343\/481551\/Exposure-history-shapes-SARS-CoV-2-viral-dynamics"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1949","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0343","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"article-number":"20240343"}}