{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:51:25Z","timestamp":1784746285014,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1953","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FP7-PEOPLE-2012-CIG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To understand animal adaptations, we need accurate estimates of the ecological factors impacting organisms in nature. While temperature is a well-established driver of physiological performance, its effects in aquatic systems are closely linked to water oxygenation. Oxygen levels are expected to differ spatially and fluctuate temporally much more strongly in water than on land, but our understanding of variation in temperature and oxygen levels in freshwaters remains limited. It is essential that environmental variation is recorded at spatial and temporal resolutions relevant to the organism. Here, we analyse spatial and temporal variation in water temperature and oxygenation across running and standing waters, using both microscale spot measurements and continuous loggers collecting data from the water column. Our results reaffirm that small-scale thermal gradients are much less pronounced in water than on land due to the high thermal conductivity and heat capacity of water. Regional weather conditions can therefore reliably predict water temperature across scales. By contrast, oxygen levels are much harder to predict from large-scale data as they can fluctuate sharply over very small spatial scales and within a single day, particularly in standing waters, exposing aquatic organisms to steep oxygen gradients. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating fine-scale oxygen dynamics when studying aquatic species distributions and ecological strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2003This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Life in natural microcosms\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T07:08:26Z","timestamp":1782371306000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporal and spatial variation in temperature and oxygen at the microscale: key niche axes for aquatic life"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"381","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0691-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilco C. E. P.","family":"Verberk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University, 1","place":["Nijmegen,, 6500 Gelderland,, The Netherlands"],"department":["Department of Ecology,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1136-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T.","family":"Bilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Plymouth, 2","place":["Plymouth, UK, PL4 8AA,"],"department":["School of Biological and Marine Sciences,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062503081318300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0005","article-title":"Predicting organismal vulnerability to climate warming: roles of behaviour, physiology and adaptation","volume":"367","author":"Huey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 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Biogeogr."},{"key":"2026062503081318300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.2307\/3817","article-title":"Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies?","volume":"46","author":"Southwood","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2026062503081318300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12257","article-title":"Microclimatic challenges in global change biology","volume":"19","author":"Potter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026062503081318300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2012.02013.x","article-title":"Climate uncertainty on leaf surfaces: the biophysics of leaf microclimates and their consequences for leaf-dwelling organisms","volume":"26","author":"Pincebourde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Funct. 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Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2026062503081318300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1139\/f01-183","article-title":"Thermal heterogeneity along a braided floodplain river (Tagliamento River, northeastern Italy)","volume":"58","author":"Arscott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026062503081318300_R15","first-page":"505","article-title":"Micro-scale heterogeneity in water temperature","volume":"37","author":"Dallas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"key":"2026062503081318300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1280","article-title":"Water\u2013air temperature relationships in a Devon river system and the role of flow","volume":"17","author":"Webb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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Biol."},{"key":"2026062503081318300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13240","article-title":"Field and laboratory studies reveal interacting effects of stream oxygenation and warming on aquatic ectotherms","volume":"22","author":"Verberk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026062503081318300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2008.02112.x","article-title":"Trends in water quality and discharge confound long-term warming effects on river macroinvertebrates","volume":"54","author":"Durance","year":"2009","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"2026062503081318300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21655-w","article-title":"Threats of global warming to the world\u2019s freshwater fishes","volume":"12","author":"Barbarossa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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