{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:56:56Z","timestamp":1787162216632,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1953","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most ectotherms typically navigate topographically complex landscapes to find food and sexual partners while avoiding predation. However, it is still unclear how chemical, visual and contact cues interact and drive the behavioural complexity observed in these organisms. This contribution illustrates how behavioural ecologists could take advantage of the unique modularity, chemical inertness, scalability, simplicity and affordability of LEGO\u00ae bricks and parts to create hypothesis-driven landscapes of various levels of complexity to unambiguously assess the behavioural responses of gastropods and bivalves and their ability to make choices in response to a range of chemical, visual and contact cues. The present work is based on terrestrial, freshwater and intertidal gastropods and two species of marine bivalves. I first demonstrate the chemical inertness of LEGO\u00ae bricks and parts towards gastropods and mussels. Then, purpose-built LEGO\u00ae-based experimental arenas are used to illustrate how they can be applied to address key issues and hypotheses related to the way gastropods and mussels perceive and react to a range of relevant chemical, visual and contact cues. In summary, this work provides a conceptual and technical framework to resolve to what extent motion behaviour is driven by a synergistic combination of chemotaxic, geotaxic, rheotaxic and thigmotaxic processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Life in natural microcosms\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T07:24:23Z","timestamp":1782372263000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Centimetre-scale landscapes to assess the motion behaviour and cognition of gastropods and bivalves"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"381","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0051-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Seuront","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Univ. Lille, Univ. Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, IRD, UMR 8187 LOG, Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anologie et de G\u00e9osciences, 28 avenue Foch, BP80, Wimereux 62930, France 1"},{"name":"Department of Marine Resource and Energy, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan 2"},{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062509104103000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1994.0013","article-title":"Patchiness in marine and terrestrial systems: from individuals to populations","volume":"343","author":"Levin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2307\/1939377","article-title":"Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats","volume":"75","author":"Tilman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[2240:SUAMIH]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Scaling up animal movements in heterogeneous landscapes: the importance of behavior","volume":"83","author":"Morales","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2006.13977.x","article-title":"Interpatch movement and edge effects: the role of behavioral responses to the landscape matrix","volume":"113","author":"Haynes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01161.x","article-title":"On aims and methods of Ethology","volume":"20","author":"Tinbergen","year":"1963","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Tierpsychol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R6","volume-title":"Foraging theory","author":"Stephens","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1086\/409852","article-title":"Optimal foraging: a selective review of theory and tests","volume":"52","author":"Pyke","year":"1977","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3098-1","volume-title":"Searching behaviour. the behavioral ecology of finding resources","author":"Bell","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19052","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800375105","article-title":"A movement ecology paradigm for unifying organismal movement research","volume":"105","author":"Nathan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1098254","article-title":"Public information: from nosy neighbors to cultural evolution","volume":"305","author":"Danchin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.01.010","article-title":"Information and its use by animals in evolutionary ecology","volume":"20","author":"Dall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-024-09862-x","article-title":"Traits underlying experimentally evolved dispersal behavior in Tribolium castaneum","volume":"37","author":"Pointer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.07258","article-title":"Habitat opening fostered diversity: impact of dispersal and habitat-shifts in the diversification of a speciose afrotropical insect group","author":"H\u00e9vin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E173","DOI":"10.1086\/714130","article-title":"How dispersal evolution and local adaptation affect the range dynamics of species lagging behind climate change","volume":"197","author":"Block","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Nat"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R15","article-title":"Evolutionary consequences of long-distance dispersal in mosquitoes","volume":"68","author":"Schmidt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(05)80067-6","article-title":"Training in a novel environment improves the appetitive learning performance of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis","volume":"61","author":"Kemenes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Neural Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067020","article-title":"The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapses","volume":"294","author":"Kandel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.05.049","article-title":"Role of delayed nonsynaptic neuronal plasticity in long-term associative memory","volume":"16","author":"Kemenes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27023-X_47","article-title":"Memory, reconsolidation and extinction in Lymnaea require the soma of RPeD1","volume":"551","author":"Sangha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R20","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of neuroscience","author":"Byrne","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195113143.001.0001","volume-title":"Behavior & its neural control in gastropod molluscs","author":"Chase","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(89)90383-X","article-title":"Goal-tracking behavior in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis","volume":"52","author":"Kemenes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behav. Neural Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2001.00216.x","article-title":"Foraging trade-offs and resource patchiness: theory and experiments with a freshwater snail community","volume":"4","author":"Chase","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531541000007X","article-title":"Variability in the motion behaviour of intertidal gastropods: ecological and evolutionary perspectives","volume":"91","author":"Chapperon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03399-z","article-title":"First evidence of an anxiety-like behavior and its pharmacological modulation in a molluscan model organism, Lymnaea stagnalis","volume":"15","author":"Rivi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2025.152085","article-title":"Seafoam avoidance is driven by both chemosensory and contact cues and points towards the presence of soft-surface thigmotaxis in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea","volume":"583","author":"Cazalis-Henry","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/eyu060","article-title":"The smell of sex: water-borne and air-borne sex pheromones in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea","volume":"81","author":"Seuront","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Molluscan Stud."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.0424","article-title":"Experimental evidence for inherent L\u00e9vy search behaviour in foraging animals","volume":"282","author":"K\u00f6lzsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R29","article-title":"Ocean acidification impedes foraging behavior in the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta","volume":"11","author":"Manz","year":"2023","journal-title":"lJ. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.113.1.351","article-title":"Initiation of feeding motor output by an identified interneurone in the snail Lymnaea Stagnalis","volume":"113","author":"Mccrohan","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.13.803","article-title":"Differential neuroethological effects of aversive and appetitive reinforcing stimuli on associative learning in Lymnaea stagnalis","volume":"13","author":"Kojima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Zool. Sci."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069434","article-title":"Operant reward learning in Aplysia: neuronal correlates and mechanisms","volume":"296","author":"Brembs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2307\/3545850","article-title":"Organisms as ecosystem engineers","volume":"69","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12322.x","article-title":"Mollusks as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats","volume":"101","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201187","article-title":"L\u00e9vy walks evolve through interaction between movement and environmental complexity","volume":"24","author":"de Jager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1163952","article-title":"Experimental evidence for spatial self-organization and its emergent effects in mussel bed ecosystems","volume":"322","author":"van de Koppel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1086\/713738","article-title":"Density-dependent and species-specific effects on self-organization modulate the resistance of mussel bed ecosystems to hydrodynamic stress","volume":"197","author":"Zardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/eyq025","article-title":"Behavioural adaptations of mussels to varying levels of food availability and predation risk","volume":"79","author":"Robson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Moll. Stud."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2023.07.007","article-title":"Filtration and respiration responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to trematode parasite infections (Renicola roscovita) and transient heat exposure","volume":"21","author":"Khosravi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R40","article-title":"Mussel memory: can bivalves learn to fear parasites?","volume":"9","author":"Selbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coaf023","article-title":"Determining physiological responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to hypoxia by combining multiple sensor techniques","volume":"13","author":"Peterson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00187","article-title":"High frequency non-invasive (HFNI) bio-sensors as a potential tool for marine monitoring and assessments","volume":"3","author":"Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.987872","article-title":"Use of valvometry as an alert tool to signal the presence of toxic algae Alexandrium catenella by Mytilus edulis","volume":"9","author":"Durier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R44","unstructured":"Skuse\n              B\n            \n          . 2019Building new forms of matter brick by LEGO\u00ae brick | The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings. Seehttps:\/\/www.lindau-nobel.org\/blog-building-new-forms-of-matter-brick-by-lego-brick\/."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100867","article-title":"LEGO\u00ae bricks as building blocks for centimeter-scale biological environments: the case of plants","volume":"9","author":"Lind","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155960","article-title":"Plant growth environments with programmable relative humidity and homogeneous nutrient availability","volume":"11","author":"Lind","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1166511","article-title":"A bench-top Dark-Root device built with LEGO\u00ae bricks enables a non-invasive plant root development analysis in soil conditions mirroring nature","volume":"14","author":"Dermendjiev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-023-00318-5","article-title":"Establishment of a transparent soil system to study Bacillus subtilis chemical ecology","volume":"3","author":"Lozano-Andrade","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISME Commun."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2020.151313","article-title":"Deciphering the known unknowns in the behavioural ecology of the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea","volume":"524","author":"Moisez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164683","article-title":"Lack of behavioral effect of surgical mask leachate on the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus: implications for invasion success in polluted coastal waters","volume":"892","author":"Delaeter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2024.106486","article-title":"Marine foams impede metabolic and behavioural traits in the rough periwinkle Littorina saxatilis","volume":"197","author":"Seuront","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.170.1.57","article-title":"Resolution and sensitivity in the eye of the winkle Littorina littorea","volume":"170","author":"Seyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.05.096","article-title":"Occurrence and effects of plastic additives on marine environments and organisms: a review","volume":"182","author":"Hermabessiere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106066","article-title":"Are bioplastics and plant-based materials safer than conventional plastics? In vitro toxicity and chemical composition","volume":"145","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115270","article-title":"Chemical composition and ecotoxicity of plastic and car tire rubber leachates to aquatic organisms","volume":"169","author":"Capolupo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/1.2.291","article-title":"Chemoreception in gastropod molluscs","volume":"1","author":"Kohn","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1983.tb00391.x","article-title":"Gastropod chemoreception","volume":"58","author":"Croll","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12023","article-title":"Snails and their trails: the multiple functions of trail-following in gastropods","volume":"88","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjw057","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of reception and perireception in crustacean chemoreception: a comparative review","volume":"41","author":"Derby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.185843","article-title":"Olfactory navigation in aquatic gastropods","volume":"222","author":"Wyeth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-022-09961-x","article-title":"Freshwater gastropods as an important group for studying the impact of inter- and intra-specific chemical communication on aquatic community dynamics","volume":"56","author":"Kirsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-022-05057-7","article-title":"Bivalve molluscs as biosensors of water quality: state of the art and future directions","volume":"850","author":"Vereycken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1042962","article-title":"Gastropod chemoreception behaviors\u2014Mechanisms underlying the perception and location of targets and implications for shellfish fishery development in aquatic environments","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2025.114850","article-title":"Peptide and neuropeptide diversity and function in bivalves","volume":"375","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35495-w","article-title":"Location-dependent effect of microplastic leachates on the respiration rate of two engineering mussel species","volume":"32","author":"Uguen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12050319","article-title":"Microplastics and 17\u03b1 ethinylestradiol: how do different aquatic invertebrates respond to this combination of contaminants?","volume":"12","author":"Nobre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0457","article-title":"The tolerance of a keystone ecosystem engineer to extreme heat stress is hampered by microplastic leachates","volume":"20","author":"Uguen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159054","article-title":"Health effects of electronic cigarettes: an umbrella review and methodological considerations","volume":"19","author":"Travis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2024.114507","article-title":"Comparative systematic review on the safety of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes","volume":"185","author":"Yayan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2024.108086","article-title":"Assessing the association between e-cigarette use and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of exclusive and dual use with combustible cigarettes","volume":"157","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Add. Behav."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R71","first-page":"3923","article-title":"Tobacco vs. electronic cigarettes: absence of harm reduction after six years of follow-up","volume":"24","author":"Flacco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121591","article-title":"The influence of waste from electronic cigarettes, conventional cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products on microorganisms","volume":"385","author":"Baran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9070734","article-title":"Use of Sediqualsoft\u00ae to determine the toxicity of cigarette butts to marine species: a weather simulation test","volume":"9","author":"Piccardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164457","article-title":"Disposable e-cigarettes and cigarette butts alter the physiology of an aquatic plant Lemna minor (Lemnaceae)","volume":"892","author":"Green","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123888","article-title":"Ecotoxicological effects of leachate from e-cigarettes and e-liquid on the performance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)","volume":"348","author":"Boots","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2017.01.003","article-title":"A comparison of electronic and traditional cigarette butt leachate on the development of Xenopus laevis embryos","volume":"4","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120947785","article-title":"In vivo assessment of the toxicity of electronic cigarettes to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, following gestational exposure, in terms of mortality, developmental toxicity, and hair cell damage: toxicity of E-cigs to zebrafish embryos","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198564904.001.0001","volume-title":"The biology of rocky shores","author":"Little","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R79","first-page":"530","article-title":"Sens de l\u2019orientation et m\u00e9moire topographique de la Patella","volume":"148","author":"Pieron","year":"1909","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R80","first-page":"185","article-title":"The use of a commercial insect-trapping compound to maintain grazer densities on rocky shores","volume":"57","author":"Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumbr."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3354\/meps136111","article-title":"Scales of coastal heterogeneity and benthic intertidal species richness, diversity and abundance","volume":"136","author":"Archambault","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R82","first-page":"15","article-title":"Experimental assessment of the influence of habitat complexity on recruitment and abundance of intertidal macrofauna","volume":"236","author":"Lasiak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3354\/meps155269","article-title":"Role of early post-settlement mortality in recruitment of benthic marine invertebrates","volume":"155","author":"Hunt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2307\/1942526","article-title":"Mechanical limits to size in wave-swept organisms","volume":"55","author":"Denny","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2003.48.4.1498","article-title":"Local- and regional-scale effects of wave exposure, thermal stress, and absolute versus effective shore level on patterns of intertidal zonation","volume":"48","author":"Harley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2222","article-title":"Microplastic leachates induce interspecific functional and behavioural trait strengthening in intertidal mussels","volume":"31","author":"Seuront","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2307\/1536435","article-title":"Studies on the geotropism of the marine snail, Littorina littorea","volume":"30","author":"Kanda","year":"1916","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1640","article-title":"An analysis of the behavior of Lepidochitora cinereus in response to certain physical features of the environment","volume":"20","author":"Evans","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1961.tb05910.x","article-title":"Responses to disturbance of the periwinkle Littorina punctata (Gmelin) on a shore in Ghana","volume":"137","author":"Evans","year":"1961","journal-title":"Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.38.1.189","article-title":"The orientation of Littorina species to polarized light","volume":"38","author":"Charles","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1965.tb05167.x","article-title":"The eye of Littorina littorea","volume":"144","author":"Newell","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00389165","article-title":"Solar orientation in the snail Nerita plicata (Prosobranchia: Neritacea) on a beach near Watamu, Kenya","volume":"23","author":"Warburton","year":"1973","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/10236247809378542","article-title":"Daily movement and visual relocation of plant stems by Littorina irrorata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) when displaced from their natural habitat","volume":"5","author":"Hamilton","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mar. Behav. Physiol"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00393820","article-title":"Intertidal distribution and long-term movements of Littorina irrorate (Mollusca: Gastropoda)","volume":"46","author":"Hamilton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mar. Biol"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(81)90185-4","article-title":"Celestial orientation by surface swimming Aplysia brasiliana Rang (Mollusca: Gastropoda)","volume":"56","author":"Hamilton","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(82)80147-4","article-title":"Behavioural responses to visual stimuli by the snail Littorina irrorata","volume":"30","author":"Hamilton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(82)90116-2","article-title":"Occurrence of random and directional movements in the periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L.)","volume":"59","author":"Petraitis","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R98","first-page":"205","article-title":"Return of the prosobranch Gibbula umbilicalis (Da Costa) to the littoral region after displacement to the shallow sublittoral","volume":"51","author":"Thain","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Moll. Stud."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315409000150","article-title":"Cue synergy in Littorina littorea navigation following wave dislodgement","volume":"89","author":"Chapperon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2018.08.011","article-title":"Littorina littorea show small-scale persistent tidal height and habitat partitioning that is resilient to dislodgement through specific movement rates","volume":"509","author":"Seuront","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2007.07.029","article-title":"Heavy-tailed distributions in the intermittent motion behaviour of the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea","volume":"385","author":"Seuront","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. A"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7410.2001.tb00030.x","article-title":"Comparative analysis of food-finding behavior of an herbivorous and a carnivorous land snail","volume":"120","author":"Shearer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invertebr. Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0030-1299.14951.x","article-title":"Physiological responses to stoichiometric constraints: nutrient limitation and compensatory feeding in a freshwater snail","volume":"115","author":"Fink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R104","first-page":"73","article-title":"A rheotactic study of three gastropod species","volume":"14","author":"Duch","year":"1971","journal-title":"Veliger"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2307\/3948","article-title":"Habitat selection and migratory behaviour of the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea (L.)","volume":"46","author":"Gendron","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1997.0488","article-title":"A field test of threat sensitivity in a marine gastropod","volume":"54","author":"Rochette","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R107","first-page":"42","article-title":"The role of behaviour in determining the intertidal zonation of Littorina planaxis Phillipi, 1847, and Littorina scutulata Gould, 1849","volume":"10","author":"Bock","year":"1967","journal-title":"Veliger"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb05107.x","article-title":"The maintenance of a cline in the marine snail Littorina saxatilis: the role of home site advantage and hybrid fitness","volume":"51","author":"Rol\u00e1n-Alvarez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315407055221","article-title":"Dislodged but not dead: survivorship of a high intertidal snail following wave dislodgement","volume":"87","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R110","first-page":"113","article-title":"Larval settlement of soft-sediment invertebrates: the spatial scales of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging role of hydrodynamical processes","volume":"25","author":"Butman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1385-1101(96)90793-5","article-title":"Attachment and settlement of post-larval mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea","volume":"36","author":"Pulfrich","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2012.719023","article-title":"Mini-review: the role of redox in Dopa-mediated marine adhesion","volume":"28","author":"Nicklisch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.134056","article-title":"Mussel adhesion - essential footwork","volume":"220","author":"Waite","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NA00582J","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms underlying mussel adhesion","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-007-9053-x","article-title":"Understanding marine mussel adhesion","volume":"9","author":"Silverman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11905","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222339110","article-title":"Phase separation explains a new class of self-organized patterns in mussels","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026062509104103000_R117","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Centimetre-scale landscapes to assess the motion behaviour and cognition of gastropods and bivalves. Figshare.","author":"Seuront","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0384\/6148541\/rstb.2024.0384.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0384\/6148541\/rstb.2024.0384.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T13:11:05Z","timestamp":1782393065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/381\/1953\/20240384\/482275\/Centimetre-scale-landscapes-to-assess-the-motion"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Pincebourde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1953","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0384","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"article-number":"20240384"}}