{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:22:50Z","timestamp":1778624570915,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1938","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018952","name":"Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018952","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Interactions between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the host immune response to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M.tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) may influence the risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease progression. Data on an association between HCMV and risk of initial infection with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M.tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    are lacking. In this correlation analysis, serological measures of HCMV were investigated in two cohorts: a TB case\u2013control study nested within a Ugandan general population epidemiology cohort with serum samples from 25 TB disease cases up to 10 years prior to diagnosis, and a paediatric\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M.tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection study with 22 matched pairs of highly-TB-exposed children from The Gambia, where one of each pair was infected with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M.tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the other was not (as determined by a tubeculin skin test (TST)). Among individuals in the Ugandan case\u2013control study, we found a relationship between odds of progression to active TB disease and (i) increased levels of HCMV IgM (odds ratio (OR) 2.5 (99% CI 0.84\u20137.54) for medium tertile, and OR 3.55 (1.27\u20139.96) for high tertile), (ii) HCMV IgG avidity (OR 2.82 (0.88\u20139.01) for medium and OR 3.08 (1.25\u201311.82) for high), and (iii) C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (OR 1.70 (0.58\u20135.00) for medium and OR 3.59 (1.20\u201310.74) for high tertile of response). Among Gambian children, no association was found between TB infection and measures of HCMV exposure. Further evaluation of such associations in larger prospective studies and experimental testing for a causal relationship are needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the discussion meeting issue \u2018The indirect effects of cytomegalovirus infection: mechanisms and consequences\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T08:08:23Z","timestamp":1762416503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative measures of human\n                    <i>Cytomegalovirus<\/i>\n                    infection and their associations with tuberculosis disease progression and\n                    <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    infection"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"380","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2576-8783","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lisa","family":"Stockdale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England OX3 7LE, UK"},{"name":"Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England OX3 7DQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Tamietti Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais","place":["Belo Horizonte, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gershim","family":"Asiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute","place":["Entebbe, Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basil","family":"Sambou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["Fajara, Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhamed","family":"Sissoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["Fajara, Gambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uzochukwu","family":"Egere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["Fajara, Gambia"]},{"name":"Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdou","family":"Sillah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["Fajara, Gambia"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich 80802, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich 80802, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Kampmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["Fajara, Gambia"]},{"name":"Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Institute for International Health, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 10178, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute","place":["Entebbe, Uganda"]},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Basu Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London Blizard Institute, London, England E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","first-page":"286","article-title":"The relationship between malnutrition and tuberculosis: evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals","volume":"8","author":"Cegielski JP","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cegielski JP, McMurray DN. 2004 The relationship between malnutrition and tuberculosis: evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 8, 286\u2013298.","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30166-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14184.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0358-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu417"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339329"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32832c7d61"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus antibody responses associated with increased risk of tuberculosis disease in Ugandan adults","volume":"221","author":"Stockdale L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stockdale L, Nash S, Farmer R, Raynes J, Mallikaarjun S, Newton R, Fletcher HA. 2020 Cytomegalovirus antibody responses associated with increased risk of tuberculosis disease in Ugandan adults. J. Infect. Dis. 221, 1127\u20131134. (doi:10.1093\/infdis\/jiz581)","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130090"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00407-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34061-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00343-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111231"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad593"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192086"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646762"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00790-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/655472"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03785.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010061"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys234"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04272-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","volume-title":"WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis","author":"WHO","unstructured":"WHO. Tuberculin skin testing: administration, reading and interpretation. Module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. In WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO). See https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/igo."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.6392"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016103"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00088-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1258339"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050882"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","volume-title":"Dataset for cytomegalovirus infection is a risk factor for tb disease but not tb infection","author":"Stockdale L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stockdale L. 2024 Dataset for cytomegalovirus infection is a risk factor for tb disease but not tb infection. See https:\/\/ora.ox.ac.uk\/objects\/uuid:533462c5-3428-4466-8b71-196d0dc0dc24."}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0410","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0410","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:25:45Z","timestamp":1778621145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/234204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1938","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2024.0410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0410","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-16","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20240410"}}