{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:30:53Z","timestamp":1784903453404,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1942","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"NOAA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The deep sea remains a last paradise and the place of minimal human impacts compared with other ecosystems. However, this pristine status is rapidly changing, and deep-sea human impacts have seldom been discussed in a broad context that draws comparisons with those in other ecosystems. Here, we recap the history of human-induced ecological degradation in deep-sea, shallow-marine and terrestrial ecosystems to place the deep-sea situation in a broad context. Anthropogenic terrestrial ecosystem degradation started tens of thousands of years ago. Shallow-marine ecosystem change followed that of terrestrial degradation but also began several millennia ago. More substantial degradation commenced from the time of civilization, European colonization and industrialization. However, deep-sea ecological degradation started much later. In the deep sea, most major human impacts began much later than the industrial revolution, e.g. deep-sea trawling from the 1950s. Major near-future concerns include deep seabed mining and marine carbon dioxide removal. Deep-sea Anthropocene biosphere degradation is delayed in this regard, and the ecological integrity of the deep sea remains much better than in other \u2018paradises\u2019 such as tropical rain forests and coral reefs that are already degraded substantially. The deep sea could soon be similarly degraded if large-scale implementation of mining and\/or marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) technologies commences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018The biosphere in the Anthropocene\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T10:40:34Z","timestamp":1769078434000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Delayed Anthropocene in the deep-sea biosphere: a last paradise soon lost?"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"381","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0990-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moriaki","family":"Yasuhara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong 1 , ,","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"],"department":["School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Health"]},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong 2 , ,","place":["Hong Kong SAR, China"],"department":["School of Biological Sciences, Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, and Swire Institute of Marine Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 3 , ,","place":["Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA"],"department":["Department of Geology and Geophysics"]},{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4 , ,","place":["Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"],"department":["Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science"]},{"name":"MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography\/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering 5 , ,","place":["Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Danovaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Marche 6 , ,","place":["Ancona, Italy"],"department":["Department of Life and Environmental Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2858-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego 7 , , ,","place":["La Jolla, California, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul V. R.","family":"Snelgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland 8 , ,","place":["St, John\u2019s, Canada"],"department":["Departments of Ocean Sciences and Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012205402600800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3254","article-title":"Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change","volume":"281","author":"Sandom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026012205402600800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf9776","article-title":"Early human impacts and ecosystem reorganization in southern-central Africa","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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