{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:12:53Z","timestamp":1778623973047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1931","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In our galaxy, tens of billions of wet, rocky Earth-like planets orbit in the habitable zones of their host stars. Stellar spectra and models of devolatilization yield ranges of plausible chemistries on these Earths. The early emergence of biology on Earth from similar chemistry has a chance of being universally relevant to the origins of life elsewhere. The Gaian bottleneck suggests that most life does not establish Gaian regulation quickly enough to counter positive feedback of runaway greenhouse or runaway ice albedo. Methane (a strong greenhouse gas) was produced by methanogens and oxidized by anaerobic methanotrophs. Their combined effects could have influenced global temperature. As the branches of the phylogenetic tree of life diverge and get pruned, the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) changes and evolves. This adds a time-dependence to LUCA. We argue that the source of LUCA\u2019s adaptations is evolution by natural selection at the sub-global level through the extinction of competitors. By surviving a persistence\/non-persistence-based selection on the global level, these adaptations qualify as global-level adaptations or Gaian regulation. Thus, within a Darwinian framework, LUCA\u2019s sub-global adaptations can become Gaia\u2019s global adaptations: Darwinized Gaias may be rare but they are plausible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue discussion meeting issue \u2018Chance and purpose in the evolution of biospheres\u2019 .<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T07:05:31Z","timestamp":1754550331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Other Earths, Gaian bottlenecks and Darwinized Gaias"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"380","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2047-1558","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles H.","family":"Lineweaver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University","place":["Weston Creek, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1488-5829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aditya","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University","place":["Weston Creek, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-024-02461-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02127.x","article-title":"A recipe for primordial soup","volume":"950","author":"Kolb R","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kolb R. 2006 A recipe for primordial soup. Annals NY Acad. Sci. 950, 1, 54\u201365.","journal-title":"Annals NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","volume-title":"The triumph of the embryo.","author":"Wolpert L","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wolpert L. 1991 The triumph of the embryo. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-astro-082214-122238"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac4e8c"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153110702762027871"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111694108"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921655117"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19355"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/384055a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5402.674"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517557112"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812905116"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/abfd9c"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.2001.6607"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092322"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10509-010-0535-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(79)90141-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/765\/2\/131"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/344100a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2015.1387"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/331612a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/342139a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JE01809"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","volume-title":"Proc. 8th Australian Space Science Conf. March 2009","author":"Lineweaver CH","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lineweaver CH, Norman M. 2009 The bombardment history of the moon and the origin of life on Earth. In Proc. 8th Australian Space Science Conf. March 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aa7846"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511535499"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12357.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","volume-title":"Gaia\u2014a new look at life on earth","author":"Lovelock JE","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lovelock JE. 1979 Gaia\u2014a new look at life on earth. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","volume-title":"The extended phenotype","author":"Dawkins R","year":"1982","unstructured":"Dawkins R. 1982 The extended phenotype. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/03.2022.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1000837427320"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6100.003.0036"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/340457a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199587049.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11672906_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-042711-105531"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00817"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.01.110170.000245"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.11.110180.001523"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/374227a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjsf433"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10539-013-9384-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/14860.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","article-title":"Darwinizing Gaia","volume":"380","author":"Doolittle WF","year":"2025","unstructured":"Doolittle WF. 2025 Darwinizing Gaia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc B 380, 20240089. (doi:10.1098\/rstb.2024.0089)","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc B"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2017.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13752-014-0171-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/690719"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/psa.2022.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.02.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237619"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_57_2","unstructured":"Darwin C. 1837 Notebook B [Transmutation of Species (1837-1838] page 36. See https:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/content\/frameset?itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&viewtype=image&pageseq=1."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/28792"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153213"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2010.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00371-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192884640.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378862"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199267972.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/psa.2021.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_66_2","article-title":"Function, chance and purpose in the biosphere: a critical examination of the Darwinized Gaia hypothesis","volume":"380","author":"Hermida M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hermida M, Okasha S. 2025 Function, chance and purpose in the biosphere: a critical examination of the Darwinized Gaia hypothesis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 380, 20240089. (doi:10.1098\/rstb.2024.0089)","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0438","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0438","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0438","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:19:48Z","timestamp":1778620788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/235138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1931","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rstb.2024.0438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2024.0438","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-19","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20240438"}}