{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:29:37Z","timestamp":1790627377740,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1941","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The World Health Organization\u2019s 2030 neglected tropical disease roadmap aims to eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem with preventive chemotherapy (PC) as a foundational stratergy; however, mixed infections of Schistosoma haematobium with zoonotic species, inclusive of putative hybrids, present a potential challenge. We sought to address the importance of mixed species infections through a 2-year, longitudinal epidemiological investigation at two villages in southern Malawi (Samama and Mthawira). Participants (approx. 2000) were sampled at baseline (BL), a 12-month follow-up (FU1) and a 24-month follow-up (FU2). PC was provided annually (BL-FU1) and biannually (FU1\u2013FU2). Urine samples underwent microscopical examination and circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) rapid-diagnostic testing, with egg-patent urine filters undergoing additional molecular screening for five non-S. haematobium species using real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR). Prevalence of schistosomiasis by microscopy was statistically higher in Samama than Mthawira (\u00b10.0563, p-value = 1.3 \u00d7 10\u221211), as was mixed infections with Schistosoma mattheei, by rtPCR (\u00b1 0.17, p-value = 3.84 \u00d7 10\u221210). By FU2, PC reduced the prevalence of S. haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni, but that of S. mattheei remained relatively stable, rising by 0.98% at Samama (\u00b1 0.19, p-value = 0.41) and decreasing by 0.43% at Mthawira (\u00b1 0.39, p-value = 0.33). We conclude that treatment alone will not be sufficient for control of zoonotic S. mattheei, but additional interventions will be required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the Science+ meeting issue \u2018Parasite evolution and impact in action: exploring the importance and control of hybrid schistosomes\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:40:45Z","timestamp":1767865245000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tracking the spatial and longitudinal dynamics of mixed infections of urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis, inclusive of\n                    <i>Schistosoma mattheei<\/i>\n                    , in two sentinel rural communities from southern Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"381","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-4074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas J.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 1 , ,","place":["Liverpool, UK"],"department":["Department of Tropical Disease Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clinton","family":"Nkolokosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme 2 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Risse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich 3 , , ,","place":["Z\u00fcrich, Canton of Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"department":["Department of Environmental Systems Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Makaula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 1 , ,","place":["Liverpool, UK"],"department":["Department of Tropical Disease Biology"]},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme 2 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"]},{"name":"Research for Health Environment and Development 4 , ,","place":["Mangochi, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stirling 5 , ,","place":["Stirling, UK"],"department":["Department of Environmental Systems Sciences"]},{"name":"Natural History Museum 6 , ,","place":["London, UK"],"department":["Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gladys","family":"Namacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme 2 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Chammudzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme 2 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donales","family":"Kapira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme 2 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2800-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme 2 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bessie","family":"Pau Ntaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme 2 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Cowlishaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 7 , ,","place":["Liverpool, UK"],"department":["Tropical Disease Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1077-968X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angus M","family":"O'Ferrall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 7 , ,","place":["Liverpool, UK"],"department":["Tropical Disease Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 7 , ,","place":["Liverpool, UK"],"department":["Tropical Disease Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Rollason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 7 , ,","place":["Liverpool, UK"],"department":["Tropical Disease Biology"]},{"name":"Cardiff University 8 , ,","place":["Cardiff, UK"],"department":["School of Biosciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Juhasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 1 , ,","place":["Liverpool, UK"],"department":["Department of Tropical Disease Biology"]},{"name":"Semmelweis University of Medicine 9 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright","family":"Mainga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme 2 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"]},{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences 10 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"],"department":["School of Global and Public Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Chiphwanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths Control Programme 11 , ,","place":["Lilongwe, Malawi"],"department":["Community Health Sciences Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lazarus","family":"Juziwelok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths Control Programme 11 , ,","place":["Lilongwe, Malawi"],"department":["Community Health Sciences Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. James","family":"LaCourse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 7 , ,","place":["Liverpool, UK"],"department":["Tropical Disease Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sekeleghe","family":"Kayuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 1 , ,","place":["Liverpool, UK"],"department":["Department of Tropical Disease Biology"]},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme 2 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"]},{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences 12 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"],"department":["Department of Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2928-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janelisa","family":"Musaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme 2 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"]},{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences 13 , , ,","place":["Blantyre, Southern Region, Malawi"],"department":["Department of Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Russell","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 7 , ,","place":["Liverpool, UK"],"department":["Tropical Disease Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020906213564700_R1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neglected tropical diseases and malaria in the general population, 1990\u20132021: systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. 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Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization."},{"key":"2026020906213564700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002110","article-title":"Introgressive hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium group species in Senegal: species barrier break down between ruminant and human Schistosomes","volume":"7","author":"Webster","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. 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