{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:19:29Z","timestamp":1778750369557,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1950","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016270","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bloomsbury Colleges"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As of 2025, an estimated 150.2 million children under 5 years globally were stunted\u2014falling more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards median. Helminth infections represent a potentially significant yet under-addressed contributor to childhood stunting. Our aim was to elucidate the potential causal relationship between helminth infections and childhood stunting, including the mediating role of low birth weight (LBW). Three causal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) were constructed using evidence synthesis for constructing DAGs (ESC-DAGs) methodology: (i) maternal infection, (ii) infant infection during exclusive breastfeeding (&amp;lt;6 months old), and (iii) child infection post-weaning (6\u201424 months old). Minimally sufficient adjustment sets (MSAS) were derived from our DAGs. All three DAG models included core adjustments for geographical location, healthcare access and water, sanitation and hygiene factors. The maternal infection model additionally incorporated maternal age, socioeconomic status (SES) and maternal education as key confounders. For the child models, both age groups included adjustments for child sex, age, birth weight and parental education. The model for infants &amp;lt;6 months of age additionally incorporated breastfeeding status, while the model for children post-weaning (6\u201424 months of age) included SES alongside the other shared variables. These MSAS provide researchers with standardized confounder adjustment frameworks, helping to resolve inconsistencies in prior literature stemming from incomplete confounder control and advancing methodologically rigorous causal inference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Biological, biomedical and environmental drivers of stunting\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2025.0040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:52:42Z","timestamp":1778748762000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Directed acyclic graphs for causal inference of the impact of maternal and child helminth infections on child growth"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"381","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8460-739X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isobel L.","family":"Gabain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, University of London 1 , ,","place":["Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK"],"department":["Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2044-2469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilary","family":"Davies-Kershaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health 2 , ,","place":["London WC1E 7HT, UK"],"department":["Department of Population Health"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1958-9500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd S.","family":"Rosenstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioversity International 3 , ,","place":["34397 Montpellier, France"],"department":["Climate Action"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4058-2677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbaros","family":"Yet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle East Technical University 4 , ,","place":["06800, Ankara, Turkey"],"department":["Graduate School of Informatics"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3031-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James W.","family":"Rudge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 5 , ,","place":["London WC1E 7HT, UK"],"department":["Department of Global Health and Development"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8616-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne P.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, University of London 1 , ,","place":["Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK"],"department":["Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051404523808200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1283054","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of soil-transmitted helminths in schoolchildren aged 5 to 18 years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Agrawal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. 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