{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:09:29Z","timestamp":1792786169339,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1961","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The University of Auckland Kupe Leadership Scholarship","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03b94tp07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Foundation North\u2014G.I.F.T.","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a3twy74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Chisholm Whitney Charitable Trust"},{"name":"The University of Auckland Alumni","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03b94tp07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011256","name":"Auckland Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multi-predator feeding aggregations (MPFAs) are ocean events whereby two or more species forage on the same or co-occurring prey. Such communities are dynamic, with community structure reflecting the connections between species and the benefits and costs of associations. The analysis of MPFAs provides an overview of ecosystem health, with social networks reflecting prey and available resources. Demographic analyses of MPFAs can act as process-based indicators of community responses to rapid change. To understand complex community dynamics, we identified community types in MPFAs using hierarchical clustering and determined the social associations and roles of the different species present. We collected data on 179 MPFA events, recording 55.4 hours of behavioural observations from 33\u202f843 individuals belonging to 19 seabird and three cetacean species in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Eight MPFA community types were identified, representing planktivorous, scavenger or polytrophic aggregations. Seabird\u2013cetacean and seabird\u2013seabird associations dominated species associations. We interpret the species\u2019 roles by combining our observations of behavioural states with knowledge from the literature. The study of marine MPFAs offers a community-level perspective for understanding community dynamics and food-web organization under future ecosystem changes. Using social network analyses, we advance the understanding of species interconnectedness to better inform ecosystem-based conservation management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Multi-predator feeding aggregations in pelagic waters\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2025.0198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T08:51:44Z","timestamp":1792054304000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multi-predator feeding aggregations: understanding dynamic communities through functional niches and demographic analysis tools"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"381","author":[{"given":"Wednesday","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland 1 , Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3260-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rochelle","family":"Constantine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland 1 , Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 2 , Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9768-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Dell'Ariccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 2 , Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Environmental Evaluation and Monitoring Unit, Auckland Council 3 , Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.2307\/1368877","article-title":"Seabird interactions with dolphins and tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific","volume":"88","author":"Au","year":"1986","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12455","article-title":"How to capture fish in a school? Effect of successive predator attacks on seabird feeding success","volume":"85","author":"Thiebault","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190333","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190333","article-title":"Up for grabs: prey herding by penguins facilitates shallow foraging by volant seabirds","volume":"6","author":"McInnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12426","article-title":"A sense of scale: foraging cetaceans\u2019 use of scale-dependent multimodal sensory systems","volume":"33","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.04.010","article-title":"Social information links individual behavior to population and community dynamics","volume":"33","author":"Gil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2017.00121","article-title":"Positive interactions among foraging seabirds, marine mammals and fishes and implications for their conservation","volume":"5","author":"Veit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2307\/3565809","article-title":"Foraging behavior patterns suggest a possible cost associated with participation in mixed-species bird flocks","volume":"51","author":"Hutto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2307\/1297632","article-title":"Feeding behavior and predator avoidance in heterospecific groups","volume":"27","author":"Morse","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2419","article-title":"The consequences of predators without prey","volume":"20","author":"Parsons","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-020-3672-4","article-title":"Seabirds as environmental indicators: foraging behaviour and ecophysiology of common diving petrels (Pelecanoides urinatrix) reflect local-scale differences in prey availability","volume":"167","author":"Dunphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2125","article-title":"Marine top predators as climate and ecosystem sentinels","volume":"17","author":"Hazen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2126-y","article-title":"Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems","volume":"580","author":"Hindell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0232","article-title":"Bottom-up regulation of a pelagic community through spatial aggregations","volume":"8","author":"Benoit-Bird","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)00045-9","article-title":"Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory","volume":"18","author":"Bruno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13463","article-title":"Inter-colony foraging dynamics and breeding success relate to prey availability in a pursuit-diving seabird","volume":"651","author":"Gulka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2025.02.010","article-title":"Climate mediates the predictability of threats to marine biodiversity","volume":"40","author":"Scales","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36478-x","article-title":"Multi-locus DNA metabarcoding of zooplankton communities and scat reveal trophic interactions of a generalist predator","volume":"9","author":"Carroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739894","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.739894","article-title":"Multi-species feeding association dynamics driven by a large generalist predator","volume":"8","author":"Gostischa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C19","volume-title":"Seabirds of the Hauraki Gulf: natural history, research and conservation","author":"Gaskin","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.13705","article-title":"Fine-scale spatial and temporal distribution patterns of large marine predators in a biodiversity hotspot","volume":"29","author":"Stephenson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C21","first-page":"177","article-title":"Multi-species feeding associations in North Sea seabirds: jointly exploiting a patchy environment","volume":"87","author":"Camphuysen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ardea"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C22","volume-title":"tidyr: tidy messy data. R package version 1.1.4","author":"Wickham","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C24","first-page":"1","article-title":"The igraph software package for complex network research","volume":"1695","author":"Csardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"InterJ. Complex Syst."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C25","first-page":"36","article-title":"Information theory in ecology","volume":"3","author":"Margalef","year":"1958","journal-title":"General Syst."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C26","volume-title":"The mathematical theory of communication","author":"Shannon","year":"1949"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3354\/meps092205","article-title":"A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables","volume":"92","author":"Clarke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C28","volume-title":"Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation","author":"Clarke","year":"2001","edition":"2nd edn."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-008-0697-y","article-title":"SOCPROG programs: analysing animal social structures","volume":"63","author":"Whitehead","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250322","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1250322","article-title":"Vertical stratification of phytoplankton biomass in a deep estuary site: implications for satellite-based net primary productivity","volume":"10","author":"Gall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023JCO20391","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JC020391","article-title":"Variability of fine-scale chlorophyll fronts in the T\u012bkapa Moana Te Moananui \u0101 Toi Hauraki Gulf, Aotearoa New Zealand","volume":"129","author":"Lh\u00e9riau-Nice","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arw039","article-title":"Effectiveness of social information used by seabirds searching for unpredictable and ephemeral prey","volume":"27","author":"Boyd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-013-0716-x","article-title":"The contribution of private and public information in foraging by Australasian gannets","volume":"17","author":"Machovsky-Capuska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00551.x","article-title":"Trade-offs in community ecology: linking spatial scales and species coexistence","volume":"7","author":"Kneitel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[1399:COTNAN]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Coexistence of the niche and neutral perspectives in community ecology","volume":"87","author":"Leibold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C36","unstructured":"Davis\n              WC\n            \n          . 2022Multi-species foraging associations in the Hauraki Gulf. MSc thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C37","volume-title":"Taking stock\u2013the changes to New Zealand marine ecosystems since first human settlement: synthesis of major findings, and policy and management implications","author":"MacDiarmid","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C38","volume-title":"Changes to the food-web of the Hauraki Gulf during a period of human occupation: a mass-balance model approach","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C39","volume-title":"State of our Gulf 2023, Hauraki Gulf \/T\u012bkapa Moana \/ Te Moananui-\u0101-Toi State of the Environment Report 2023","author":"Hauraki-Gulf-Forum","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.08.008","article-title":"Social network analysis of mixed-species flocks: exploring the structure and evolution of interspecific social behaviour","volume":"84","author":"Farine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsac133","article-title":"Understanding common dolphin and Australasian gannet feeding associations from nutritional and ethological perspectives","volume":"79","author":"Stockin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12918","article-title":"Feeding tactics of resident Bryde's whales in New Zealand","volume":"38","author":"Izadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C43","volume-title":"The behaviour, population biology and physiology of the petrels","author":"Warham","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1086\/511657","article-title":"Costs and benefits of within-group spatial position: a feeding competition model","volume":"82","author":"Hirsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2022.06.007","article-title":"Dynamic landscapes of fear: understanding spatiotemporal risk","volume":"37","author":"Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0219986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219986","article-title":"Year-round distribution, activity patterns and habitat use of a poorly studied pelagic seabird, the fluttering shearwater Puffinus gavia","volume":"14","author":"Berg","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1525\/cond.2010.090117","article-title":"Factors affecting kleptoparasitism by gulls in a multi-species seabird colony","volume":"112","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/319589a0","article-title":"Flock-feeding on fish schools increases individual success in gulls","volume":"319","author":"G\u00f6tmark","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ary050","article-title":"The costs of kleptoparasitism: a study of mixed-species seabird breeding colonies","volume":"29","author":"Gaglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00118","article-title":"Diet of the southern giant petrel in Patagonia: fishery-related items and natural prey","volume":"6","author":"Copello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endang. Species Res."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270100684","article-title":"Activity patterns of giant petrels, Macronectes spp., using different foraging strategies","volume":"140","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sol\u00eds","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.70032","article-title":"Challenges of monitoring endangered Bryde's whales during a period of rapid environmental change","volume":"29","author":"Cranswick","year":"2025","journal-title":"An. Cons."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2012.02114.x","article-title":"Investigating fine-scale spatio-temporal predator\u2013prey patterns in dynamic marine ecosystems: a functional data analysis approach","volume":"49","author":"Embling","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101510540704700_RSTB20250198C54","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Multi-predator feeding aggregations: understanding dynamic communities through functional niches and demographic analysis tools","author":"Davis","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2025.0198\/6170690\/rstb.2025.0198.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2025.0198\/6170690\/rstb.2025.0198.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:54:20Z","timestamp":1792076060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rstb\/article\/381\/1961\/20250198\/483658\/Multi-predator-feeding-aggregations-understanding"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1961","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2025.0198","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8436","1471-2970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8436","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"article-number":"20250198"}}