{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:08:06Z","timestamp":1779361686470,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n \n Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> is the causative agent for melioidosis. Because of its intracellular nature, the bacterium is capable of replicating within a plethora of eukaryotic cell lines. \n \n B. pseudomallei<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> can remain dormant within host cells without symptoms for years, causing recrudescent infections. Here, we investigated the pathogenesis mechanism behind the suppression of T cell responses by \n \n B. pseudomallei<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1\u00d7106<\/jats:sup>\u2009cells\/well) isolated by Ficoll Paque (Sigma-Aldrich) density gradient centrifugation were incubated with optimized concentrations of bacterial crude culture filtrate antigens (CFAs) (10\u2009ug\u2009ml\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and heat-killed bacteria [1\u200a:\u200a10 multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.)]. Following incubation, cells were investigated for surface expression of coinhibitory molecules by flow cytometry. We found that \n \n B. pseudomallei<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> induced the upregulation of programmed death 1 (PD-1), a molecule responsible for T cell exhaustion, on T cells in vitro<\/jats:italic> following exposure to crude CFAs of \n \n B. pseudomallei<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>. This upregulation of PD-1 probably contributes to poor immune surveillance and disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T20:11:35Z","timestamp":1590696695000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Experimental exposure of Burkholderia pseudomallei crude culture filtrate upregulates PD-1 on T lymphocytes"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Nivedita","family":"Menon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanitha","family":"Mariappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7661-3928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumutha M.","family":"Vellasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandramathi","family":"Samudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Xiang","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0954-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. 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