{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:56:54Z","timestamp":1793156214037,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"Clinical pathogens, especially Gram-negative bacteria developing resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, are making clinical outcomes more complicated and serious. This study was undertaken to evaluate the distribution of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) in Tamil Nadu, India. For this study, clinical samples were collected from five different hospitals located in Tamil Nadu and the ESBL-producing Gram-negative isolates were characterized. MIC was performed using cefotaxime and ceftazidime. The bla<\/jats:italic>\n ESBL<\/jats:sub>-producing genes were screened using multiplex PCR for the genes, CTX-M group-1, -2, -8, -9, -26. The conjugation studies were performed using \n \n Escherichia coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> AB1157 as a recipient for the isolates harbouring plasmid-borne resistance following broth-mating experiment. In total, 1500 samples were collected and 599 Gram-negative bacteria were isolated that included \n \n E. coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (n<\/jats:italic>=233), \n \n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (n<\/jats:italic>=182), \n \n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (n<\/jats:italic>=79), \n \n Citrobacter<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> spp. (n<\/jats:italic>=30), \n \n Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (n<\/jats:italic>=28), \n \n Salmonella<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> spp. (n<\/jats:italic>=21), \n \n Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (n<\/jats:italic>=12), Serratia spp<\/jats:italic>. (n<\/jats:italic>=6), \n \n Shigella<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> spp. (n<\/jats:italic>=4), \n \n Morganella morganii<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (n<\/jats:italic>=3) and \n \n Providencia<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> spp. (n<\/jats:italic>=1). MIC results showed that 358 isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime. Further, ESBL gene-amplification results showed that 19 isolates had CTX-M group-1 gene including \n \n E. coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (n<\/jats:italic>=16), K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (n<\/jats:italic>=2) and \n \n P. aeruginosa<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (n<\/jats:italic>=1) whereas one \n \n M. morganii<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> isolate had CTX-M group-9, which was plasmid-borne. Through conjugation studies, 12\/20 isolates were found to be involved in the transformation of its plasmid-borne resistance gene. Our study highlighted the importance of horizontal gene transfer in the dissemination of plasmid-borne bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M-type<\/jats:sub> resistance genes among the clinical isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T15:15:32Z","timestamp":1591888532000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["CTX-M-type ESBL-mediated resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and conjugative transfer of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospitals in Tamil Nadu, India"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8350-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh","family":"Nachimuthu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velu Rajesh","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bulent","family":"Bozdogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Medical Microbiology Department, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaithilingam","family":"Krishnakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karutha Pandian","family":"S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa university, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanth","family":"Manohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University (SAHZU),, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, PR China, Haining, Zhejiang"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.68531"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.08.011"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.03.013"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl483"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.04966-0"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138056"},{"key":"R8","article-title":"Treatment Options for Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum \u0392-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia","volume":"7","author":"Salvatore","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2012.27.2.128"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70041-0"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10762.x"},{"key":"R12","first-page":"449","volume-title":"Manual of Clinical Microbiology (6th edn)","volume":"3","author":"Murray","year":"1995"},{"key":"R13","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; 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