{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T21:06:01Z","timestamp":1761253561491,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Family clusters have contributed significantly to the onward spread of SARS-CoV-2. However, the dynamics of viral transmission in this setting remain incompletely understood. We describe the clinical and viral-phylogenetic characteristics of a family cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infections with a high attack rate, and explore how whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can inform outbreak investigations in this context. In this cluster, the first symptomatic case was a 22-month-old infant who developed rhinorrhoea and sneezing 2\u2009days prior to attending a family gathering. Subsequently, seven family members in attendance at this event were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infections, including the infant described. WGS revealed indistinguishable SARS-CoV-2 genomes recovered from the adults at the gathering, which were closely related genetically to B.1 lineage viruses circulating in the local community. However, a divergent viral sub-lineage was recovered from the infant and another child, each harbouring a distinguishing spike substitution (N30S). This suggested that the infant was unlikely to be the primary case, despite displaying symptoms first, and additional analysis of her nasopharyngeal swab revealed a picornavirus co-infection to account for her early symptoms. Our findings demonstrate how WGS can elucidate the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infections within household clusters and provide useful information to support outbreak investigations. Additionally, our description of SARS-CoV-2 viral lineages and notable variants circulating in Ireland to date provides an important genomic-epidemiological baseline in the context of vaccine introduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T16:16:00Z","timestamp":1626711360000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Genomic epidemiological analysis of SARS-CoV-2 household transmission"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin 4, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2180-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin 4, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin 4, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, Health Service Executive South East, Kilkenny, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin 4, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9208-4325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cillian F.","family":"De Gascun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin 4, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"year":"2020","key":"R1","article-title":"Epidemiology of COVID-19 Outbreaks\/Clusters in Ireland weekly report highlights. 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