{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:52:19Z","timestamp":1792479139591,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) of the head and neck can be contained in the lymph nodes, larynx, oropharynx, salivary glands, nose and paranasal sinuses, ear, skin and skull. Head and neck TB presentations are varied in nature and thus difficult to diagnose. The clinical features, radiological findings, microbiological diagnostic modalities, surgical and medical management and outcomes of nine cases of head and neck TB are discussed in detail here, together with a thorough review of the literature. Patients presented with atypical symptoms such as discharging sinus, ear lobule swelling, otitis media, vision loss and facial weakness, long refractory otorrhoea and granulation tissue in the ear canal. We diagnosed tubercular skull base osteomyelitis (one case) and laryngeal tuberculosis (two cases), mastoid tuberculosis (one case) and non-tubercular mycobacterial infection involving the temporal bone (two\u2009cases), sino-nasal region (one case), maxilla (one\u2009cases) and ear lobule (one case) over a period of 8\u2009months. All patients were managed successfully with a combination of surgery and a well-planned treatment regimen for non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or anti-tubercular drugs for TB. All had successful outcomes except one patient with tubercular skull base osteomyelitis who expired before the initiation of anti-tubercular therapy (ATT). High clinical suspicion followed by thorough diagnostic work-up for both TB and NTM would enable early diagnosis and complete treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T15:16:13Z","timestamp":1639754173000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spectrum of mycobacterial pathogens responsible for head and neck tuberculosis-like presentation"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Kiran","family":"Bala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjana","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Monga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5590-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prem","family":"Sagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5691-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alok","family":"Thakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. C.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urvashi B.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","article-title":"Global tuberculosis report","year":"2020"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2005.07.005"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2013.01.002"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000214861.87933.00"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.134.9.1004"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejenta.2016.07.003"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-211897"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-010294"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.817"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05976-y"},{"key":"R11","first-page":"706","article-title":"Nemeth complicated necrotizing otitis externa","volume":"34","author":"Nawas","year":"2013","journal-title":"American J Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"R12","first-page":"537","article-title":"Malignant otitis externa, Otolaryngologic","volume":"41","author":"Carfrae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinics of North America"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00020840-200310000-00002"},{"key":"R14","first-page":"437","article-title":"Aggressive bilateral temporal bone tuberculosis. a case report","volume":"22","author":"Kornilenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theory and Practice in Medicine"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/2011.5.6"},{"key":"R16","first-page":"376","article-title":"McWhinney,\u201cSkull base infection presenting with multiple lower cranial nerve palsies","volume":"31","author":"Patmore","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(03)00858-2"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318039b30f"},{"key":"R19","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Malignant external otitis and mastoiditis associated with an IgG4 subclass deficiency in a child","volume":"62","author":"Castro","year":"1990","journal-title":"Del Med J"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/648443"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1033","article-title":"Emergence of refractory otomastoiditis due to nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"62","author":"Yeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1177\/014556131109001213","article-title":"Otomastoiditis with acute left facial nerve paralysis caused by mycobacterium chelonae","volume":"90","author":"KC","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000360413"}],"container-title":["Access Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/acmi\/10.1099\/acmi.0.000304?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T21:29:03Z","timestamp":1702589343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/acmi\/10.1099\/acmi.0.000304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/acmi.0.000304","relation":{},"ISSN":["2516-8290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2516-8290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]}}}