{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:21:30Z","timestamp":1787509290287,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Northeast India shares its international border with Southeast Asia and has a number of malaria endemic zones. Monitoring genetic diversity of malaria parasites is important in this area as drug resistance and increasing genetic diversity form a vicious cycle in which one favours the development of the other. This retrospective study was done to evaluate the genetic diversity patterns in\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains circulating in North Lakhimpur area of Assam in the pre-artemisinin era and compare the findings with current diversity patterns.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Genomic DNA extraction was done from archived blood spot samples collected in 2006 from malaria-positive cases in Lakhimpur district of Assam, Northeast India. Three antigenic markers of genetic diversity were studied \u2013\n                    <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (block-2),\n                    <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (block-3) and the\n                    <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                    RII region of\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    using nested PCR.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Allelic diversity was examined in 71 isolates and high polymorphism was observed. In\n                    <jats:italic>msp-1,<\/jats:italic>\n                    eight genotypes were detected; K1 (single allele), MAD20 (six different alleles) and RO33 (single allele) allelic families were noted. Among\n                    <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotypes, 22 distinct alleles were observed out of which FC27 had six alleles and IC\/3D7 had 16 alleles. In RII region of\n                    <jats:italic>glurp,<\/jats:italic>\n                    nine genotypes were obtained. Expected heterozygosity (\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) values of the three antigenic markers were 0.72, 0.81 and 0.88, respectively. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) values noted were 1.28, 1.84 and 1.04 for\n                    <jats:italic>msp-1, msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>glurp,<\/jats:italic>\n                    respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Results suggest a high level of genetic diversity in\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum msp<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>block-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    of\n                    <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>block-3 of msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the\n                    <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                    RII region in Northeast India in the pre-artemisinin era when chloroqunine was the primary drug used for uncomplicated\n                    <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    malaria. Comparison with current studies have revealed that the genetic diversity in these genes is still high in this region, complicating malaria vaccine research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T08:16:45Z","timestamp":1650874605000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Genetic polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum msp-1, msp-2 and glurp vaccine candidate genes in pre-artemisinin era clinical isolates from Lakhimpur district in Assam, Northeast India"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Vinayagam","family":"Sathishkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tulika","family":"Nirmolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dibya Ranjan","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0651-2739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurav Jyoti","family":"Patgiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01401.x"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000058843"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282dd7a29"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.010"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00054-06"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2014.08.008"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-79"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2540-x"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-31"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.05.003"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v30i4.291"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60721-8"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.01.069"},{"key":"R15","article-title":"WHO Recommends Groundbreaking Malaria Vaccine for Children at Risk","year":"2021"},{"key":"R16","first-page":"175","article-title":"Resistance to chloroquine in falciparum malaria in Assam state. India","volume":"5","author":"Sehgal","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R17","first-page":"109","article-title":"Pyrimethamine in combination with sulfadoxine or sulfalene in P. falciparum infected cases in India","volume":"18","author":"Das","year":"1981","journal-title":"Indian J Malariol"},{"key":"R18","article-title":"National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India (2016\u20132030). Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS)","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ministry Of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120673"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182674"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105562"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90077-b"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-271-6:103","volume-title":"Malaria Methods and Protocols","author":"Snounou","year":"2002"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-135"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-276"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3325-3"},{"key":"R27","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Plasmodium ovale: First case report from Assam, India","volume":"84","author":"Prakash","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Sci"},{"key":"R28","first-page":"149","article-title":"Plasmodium malariae--a case of quartan malaria in Assam","volume":"32","author":"Dev","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"R29","first-page":"52","article-title":"Detection & molecular confirmation of a focus of Plasmodium malariae in Arunachal Pradesh, India","volume":"128","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R30","first-page":"136","article-title":"First phylogenetic evidence of Plasmodium malariae from northeast region of India","volume":"7","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Parasitology Research"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034980120111136"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-60"},{"key":"R33","first-page":"429","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate antigens","volume":"48","author":"Mahajan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.30"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773211Y.0000000012"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0383"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2007.04.033"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.611"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2015.05062015327"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_291_16"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12990"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-78"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-131"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2879-7"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04007-3"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.06.001"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2227-3"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2611-z"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.593"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.238","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XVIII. Polymorphisms of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-2 gene in isolates from symptomatic patients","volume":"70","author":"Basco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50152-w"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.103"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(96)83010-6"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989958069"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.726"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000059217"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.81"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1070"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26301.x"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.2617-2620.2000"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-450"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0621"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.978"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-4894(03)00112-7"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762013000400022"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.09.010"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(99)90120-7"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000103600"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2322-5"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-386"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12980\/APJTB.4.2014APJTB-2014-0156"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2254-x"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152415"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-233"},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.008"}],"container-title":["Access Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/acmi\/10.1099\/acmi.0.000350?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T15:32:10Z","timestamp":1702567930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/acmi\/10.1099\/acmi.0.000350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/acmi.0.000350","relation":{},"ISSN":["2516-8290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2516-8290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]}}}