{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:58:03Z","timestamp":1772809083095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016237","name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016237","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background.<\/jats:bold>\n \n \n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\n \n \n Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n are common inhabitants of the nasopharynx of children. HIV-infected children have higher risk of invasive diseases caused by these pathogens. With widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and the emergence of methicillin-resistant\n \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , the interaction between S.\n \n \n aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\n \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n is of a particular significance. We sought to determine the magnitude of colonization by methicillin-sensitive and -resistant\n \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and colonization by\n \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n ; associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among HIV-infected children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Method.<\/jats:bold>\n A prospective observational study was conducted among 183 HIV-infected children at ALERT hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from September 2016 to August 2018.\n \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\n \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n were identified using standard bacteriological techniques, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on\n \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and screening for methicillin resistance was carried out by amplifying the\n mecA<\/jats:italic>\n gene. Risk factors were analysed by using binary logistic regression.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results.<\/jats:bold>\n The prevalence of nasopharyngeal\n \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , MRSA and\n \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n colonization were 27.3, 2.7 and 43.2\u200a%, respectively. Multivariable analysis indicated an inverse association between\n \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\n \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n nasopharyngeal colonization [aOR, 0.49; CI, (0.24, 0.99);\n P=0.046<\/jats:italic>\n ]. The highest level of resistance in both methicillin-sensitive\n \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n (MSSA) and MRSA was observed against tetracycline.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n . We found an inverse association between\n \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\n \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n colonization among HIV-infected children. Continued assessment of the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and antiretroviral therapy on nasopharyngeal bacterial ecology is warranted.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000557.v3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T06:16:25Z","timestamp":1692166585000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nasopharyngeal Staphylococcus aureus colonization among HIV-infected children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and association with Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Henok Alemu","family":"Gebre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashenafi Alemu","family":"Wami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, 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