{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:42:49Z","timestamp":1784907769867,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Elsa and Ivar Sandberg Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"abstract":"\n Wheat flour has been identified as the source of multiple outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease caused by shiga toxin-producing\n \n \n Escherichia coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n (STEC). We have investigated the presence and genomic characteristics of STEC and related atypical enteropathogenic\n \n \n E. coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n (aEPEC) in 200 bags of Swedish-produced retail wheat flour, representing 87 products and 25 brands. Samples were enriched in modified tryptone soya broth (mTSB) and screened with real-time PCR targeting\n \n stx\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n ,\n \n stx\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\n eae<\/jats:italic>\n , and the serogroups O157, O121 and O26. Isolation was performed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for suspected STEC\/aEPEC O157, O121 and O26, and by screening pools of colonies for other STEC. Real-time PCR after enrichment revealed 12\u200a% of samples to be positive for shiga toxin genes (\n \n stx\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and\/or\n \n stx\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n ) and 11\u200a% to be positive for intimin (\n eae<\/jats:italic>\n ). Organic production, small-scale production or whole grain did not significantly influence shiga toxin gene presence or absence in a generalized linear mixed model analysis. Eight isolates of STEC were recovered, all of which were intimin-negative. Multiple serotype\/sequence type\/shiga toxin subtype combinations that have also been found in flour samples in other European countries were recovered. Most STEC types recovered were associated with sporadic cases of STEC among humans in Sweden, but no types known to have caused outbreaks or severe cases of disease (i.e. haemolytic uraemic syndrome) were found. The most common finding was O187:H28 ST200 with\n \n stx\n 2g<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , with possible links to cervid hosts. Wildlife associated with crop damage is a plausible explanation for at least some of the surprisingly high frequency of STEC in wheat flour.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000577.v3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T12:17:00Z","timestamp":1683116220000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) in Swedish retail wheat flour"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"S\u00f6derlund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Flink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6374-1154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Asp\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-508"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0416-x"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0027-2014"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881900116X"},{"key":"R5","article-title":"Microbiological surveillance of ehec (Mikrobiologisk \u00f6vervakning av ehec) Public Health Agency of Sweden 2020-2022"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3138"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0805.010385"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.01.015"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v6.30246"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir831"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615910"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v43i78a03"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7016a4"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6603a6"},{"key":"R15","article-title":"Rappel de pizzas surgelees Fra\u00eech\u2019up Buitoni: Buitoni","year":"2022"},{"key":"R16","article-title":"Sant\u00e9 publique France - Cas graves de syndrome h\u00e9molytique et ur\u00e9mique (SHU) chez l\u2019enfant: retrait - rappel pr\u00e9ventif de lots de pizzas surgel\u00e9es Fra\u00eech\u2019Up de la marque Buitoni en raison d\u2019une possible contamination par la bact\u00e9rie Escherichia coli O26: Sant\u00e9 publique France","year":"2022"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-017-1113-1"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-256"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-593"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-20-297"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2003.12.004"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02545.x"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.2884-2893.2003"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00008-15"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03617-13"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00046"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1605(02)00507-x"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.009"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109197"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14178"},{"key":"R32","volume-title":"Scottish wild deer as a potential source of human pathogenic non-O157 Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12726","article-title":"Occurrence of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in inline milk filters from Swedish dairy farms","volume":"40","author":"Flink","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Food Saf"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42122-z"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000716"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7666"},{"key":"R37","volume-title":"Bevattning av spannm\u00e5l \u2013 en ekonomisk analys \/ Irrigation of cereals \u2013 an economic analysis; MSc thesis No.1199","author":"Gilbertsson","year":"2019"},{"key":"R38","article-title":"The Swedish Board of Agriculture \/ Statistics Sweden: Viltskador i lantbruksgr\u00f6dor 2020 (Wildlife crop damage 2020): The Swedish Board of Agriculture \/ Statistics Sweden; 2","author":"L\u00e4ndell"},{"key":"R39","article-title":"BfR opinion No 004\/2020: Escherichia coli in flour \u2013 sources, risks and prevention","year":"2020"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2019.103380"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12508"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215594"}],"container-title":["Access Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/acmi\/10.1099\/acmi.0.000577.v3?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T12:17:08Z","timestamp":1683116228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/acmi\/10.1099\/acmi.0.000577.v3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/acmi.0.000577.v3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000577.v1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000577.v2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000577.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000577.v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2516-8290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2516-8290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]}}}