{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T02:51:02Z","timestamp":1772679062604,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n \n \n Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n (\n Hi<\/jats:italic>\n ) was long known as an easy-to-treat bacterium, but increasing resistance against beta-lactams and other critically important antibiotics is now a growing concern. We describe here the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of three non-typeable\n Hi<\/jats:italic>\n isolates received in 2018\u20132019 by the Belgian National Reference Centre (NRC) for\n \n \n Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , as they presented an unusual multi-resistant profile.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods.<\/jats:bold>\n All three isolates were sequenced by WGS and mapped to the reference isolate\n Hi<\/jats:italic>\n Rd KW20. Shorten uptake signal sequences (USSs) known to be associated with homologous recombination were sought in\n ftsI, murE<\/jats:italic>\n and\n murF<\/jats:italic>\n genes, and inner partial sequences were compared against the\n blast<\/jats:sc>\n nucleotide database to look for similarity with other\n \n \n Haemophilus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n species. Their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotype was studied. Core-genome multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on the NTHi database pubMLST to place our isolates in the actual worldwide epidemiology.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results.<\/jats:bold>\n The isolates also harboured interspecies recombination patterns in the\n murF-murE-ftsI<\/jats:italic>\n region involved in cell wall synthesis. The three isolates were multidrug resistant and two of them were also resistant to amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic acid and showed a reduced susceptibility to meropenem. All three isolates belonged to the MLST clonal complex (CC) 422, and WGS revealed that the three were very similar. They harboured mobile genetic elements (carrying\n blaTEM-1B<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n mefA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n msrD<\/jats:italic>\n genes associated with resistance), mutations in\n gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n parC<\/jats:italic>\n linked to fluoroquinolone resistance as well as remodelling events in\n ompP2<\/jats:italic>\n that might be related to lower carbapenem susceptibility.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n The\n Hi<\/jats:italic>\n evolution towards antimicrobial multiresistance (AMR) is a complex and poorly understood phenomenon, although probably linked to a large degree to the presence of USSs and exchange within the family\n \n \n Pasteurellaceae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n . To better understand the respective roles of clonal expansion, horizontal gene transfers, spontaneous mutations and interspecies genetic rearrangements in shaping\n Hi<\/jats:italic>\n AMR, both analysis of\n Hi<\/jats:italic>\n communities over time within individuals and worldwide monitoring of non-typeable\n Hi<\/jats:italic>\n causing infections should be conducted.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000649.v3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T09:17:33Z","timestamp":1707729453000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multiple interspecies recombination events documented by whole-genome sequencing in multidrug-resistant Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0250-2664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Michel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire 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