{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:57:35Z","timestamp":1772722655162,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Riboflavin (vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is a water-soluble compound that plays an important role in multiple cellular functions. This study evaluates the probiotic potential of riboflavin-overproducing\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains isolated from fermented African locust beans. After strain improvement,\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ACU-I11MR and ACU-I163MR were selected due to their higher riboflavin production (0.01905\u00b10.0005\u2009mg\u2009l\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 0.0259\u00b10.0077\u2009mg\u2009l\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 0.0195\u00b10.0054\u2009mg\u2009l\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 0.0267\u00b10.0013\u2009mg\u2009l\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively). Their safety was confirmed through haemolytic assay, antibiotic susceptibility tests and the absence of gelatinase and biogenic amine activity. Probiotic potential was assessed via\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays including resistance to low pH, bile salts, phenol, temperature and NaCl; auto-aggregation; cell hydrophobicity; biofilm formation; antibacterial activity; and enzyme and exopolysaccharide production. Both strains were non-haemolytic and negative for gelatinase and biogenic amine activity. They showed significant viability at pH 2 (survival 85.05; 87.09%), 1% bile salts (survival 88.82; 87.64%) and 0.5% phenol (survival 48.80; 59.52%), respectively. ACU-I11MR was susceptible to 9 out of 12 antibiotics, while ACU-I163MR was 100% susceptible. The strains demonstrated strong cell surface adhesion and auto-aggregation and inhibited several pathogenic bacteria. They produce amylase, protease and exopolysaccharide and thrive under various temperature and NaCl conditions.\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ACU-I163MR, showing superior probiotic potential, could be a promising candidate for developing riboflavin-enriched\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -fermented functional foods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000883.v3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T08:17:47Z","timestamp":1738052267000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Probiotic potential of riboflavin-overproducing Bacillus subtilis ACU-I163MR and ACU-I11MR, isolated from fermented African locust beans"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6031-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Awotundun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ajayi Crowther University, P. 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